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Context:Data regarding the distribution of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-E alleles and their association with blood-borne pathogen infections/co-infections are limited for many populations, including Indonesia.Aims:The aim of this study was to analyze the association between HLA-E allelic variants and infection with blood-borne pathogens such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), torque teno virus (TTV), GB virus C (GBV-C), and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) in Indonesian Javanese human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients.Settings and Design:A total of 320 anti-HIV-positive blood samples were analyzed for HBV, HCV, HDV, TTV, GBV-C, and T. gondii infection status and its association with HLA-E allelic variants.Materials and Methods:Nucleic acid was extracted from plasma samples and used for the molecular detection of HBV DNA, HCV RNA, HDV RNA, TTV DNA, and GBV-C RNA, whereas hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-HCV, immunoglobulin M and G (IgM and IgG) anti-T. gondii were detected through serological testing. The blood samples were genotyped for HLA-E loci using a sequence-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction.Statistical Analysis Used:Either the Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was performed to analyze the frequency of HLA-E alleles and blood-borne pathogen infections in the population. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to measure the association between the antibodies found and the participants’ possible risk behaviors. A logistic regression analysis was used to assess the associations.Results:HLA-E*101/0101 was associated with HCV/TTV co-infection (adjusted OR [aOR]: 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.156-10.734; P = 0.027) and IgM/IgG anti-Toxo positivity (aOR: 27.0; 95% CI: 3.626-200.472; P = 0.001). HLA-E*103/0103 was associated with TTV co-infection (aOR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.509-4.796; P = 0.001).Conclusions:HLA-E alleles in Indonesian Javanese HIV patients were found to be associated with HCV, TTV, and toxoplasma co-infections.

This study was conducted to determine the distribution of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position-1082 of the proximal promoter region of the interleukin (IL)-10 gene and its association with hepatitis virus co-infection in Indonesian Javanese human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 156 Indonesian Javanese HIV-infected patients; tested with serological and molecular assays for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis D virus (HDV); and subjected to SNP-1082 G/A polymorphism analysis. Results: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (+)/HBV DNA (+), HBsAg (-)/HBV DNA (+), anti-HCV antibodies (+)/HCV RNA (+), and anti-HCV antibodies (-)/HCV RNA (+) were detected from all of HIV-infected individuals at rates of 3.8% (6/156), 0.6% (1/156), 16.0% (25/156), and 11.5% (18/156), respectively. The frequencies of-1082 GG,-1082 GA, and-1082 AA were 14.7% (23/156), 60.3% (94/156), and 25% (39/156), respectively. HBV co-infection was found only in-1082 A allele carriers, and these patients also showed higher rates of HCV co-infection (odds ratio: 2.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.22-4.10, P=0.009). Conclusion: The-1082 A allele was associated with HBV and HCV co-infection in Indonesian Javanese HIV patients.

Introduction: Human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) has been believed not circulate in Indonesia yet. This study evaluated the prevalence of HTLV-1 and 2 in drug abused prisoners imprisoned in correctional facilities in Central of Java Indonesia, to track the presentation of HTLV-1/2 in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two prisons (Kedung Pane Male Prison Semarang and Women Prison Semarang) in Central of Java Indonesia between August 2009 and October 2009. All drug abused prisoners in both prisons were enrolled in this study (n = 148). Questionnaires were retrieved and bloods were tested in the period using enzyme linked immuno sorbent assays. The serological positive results were then confirmed by RT-PCR nested addressed the part of HTLV-1 LTR and HTLV-2 LTR region, respectively. Results: The average seroprevalence in the period was 1.4% (2/148). All positive serological samples were confirmed by nested RT-PCR. Of these, one was HTLV-1 positive and one was HTLV-2 positive. Molecular analysis of positive PCR products revealed that the HTLV-1 isolate had close relationship with HTLV-1 isolated in Japan while the HTLV-2 isolate with that of isolated in USA. Conclusions: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected in drug abused prisoners imprisoned in correctional facilities in Central of Java Indonesia indicated that these viruses were circulated in Indonesia.

Vocational High School Mini is SMK formal at boarding school who get the programcenters preparing a skilled workforce and develop the function of vocational boardingschool as a center for vocational training integrated in an effort to push the unemploymentrate is high, improving the quality of the educational process is minimal skills, andincrease the entrepreneurial spirit in self-learners. Based on this, the main problem of thisstudy are: (a) How is the implementation of policy administration SMK Mini? and (b)How does the organization of vocational Mini models in East Java?. This study used aqualitative approach and case study design. Collecting data using the technique ofparticipant observation, interview and documentation. The data were analyzed usingqualitative descriptive technique, using an interactive model of Miles and Hubermanincludes: data collection, data reduction, data presentation and verification. This studyfound: (1) the implementation of policy administration in East Java SMK Mini appliedproperly in accordance with the proportions. The process of policy implementation refersto the implementation model Edwards III. While the level of effectiveness of policyimplementation organization of vocational Mini in East Java in general demonstrateeffective, in terms of appropriate targeting and program objectives. (2) the implementationof vocational Model Mini in East Java is more taken to function as BLK (Training Center)in entrepreneurial-based boarding school; in function SMK Mini as BLK fosteringentrepreneurship skills and training of skilled labor. Entrepreneurship skills developed inthe organization of vocational Mini comprises: (a) skills of design effort in the field ofservices and production; (b) the skills to find a market; (c) skills to manage businessfinances; and (d) public relations skills. While the training of skilled labor carried out inseveral stages of a cycle of: (a) planning of the training program by identifying trainingneeds and training materials emphasize entrepreneurial skills according to market needsand based on the needs of the industrial world; (b) development of training programsthrough cooperation and training of manpower training in vocational Mini implementedwithin six months.Keywords: Policy Implementation, Vocational High School Mini