ABSTRACT. Contemporary conservation interventions must balance potential trade-offs between multiple ecosystem services. In tropical forests, much attention has focused on the extent to which carbon-based conservation provided by REDD+ policies can also mitigate biodiversity conservation. In the nearly one-third of tropical forests that are community owned or managed, conservation strategies must also balance the multiple uses of forest products that support local livelihoods. Although much discussion has focused on policy options, little empirical evidence exists to evaluate the potential for trade-offs among different tropical forest value components.We assessed multiple components of forest value, including tree diversity, carbon stocks, and both timber and nontimber forest product resources, in forest communities across the trinational frontier of Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. We installed 69 0.5-ha vegetation plots in local communities, and we characterized 15 components of forest value for each plot. Principal components analyses revealed two major axes of forest value, the first of which defined a trade-off between diversity of woody plant communities (taxonomic and functional) versus aboveground biomass and standing timber volume. The second axis described abundance of commercial species, with strong positive loadings for density of timber and nontimber forest products, including Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) and copaiba oil (Copaifera spp.). The observed trade-off between different components of forest value suggests a potential for management conflicts prioritizing biodiversity conservation versus carbon stocks in the region. We discuss the potential for integrative indices of forest value for tropical forest conservation.

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The present study aimed to perform a comparative analysis of floristic diversity, domi nance and tree distribution patterns (DBH > 10 cm) of 21 permanent plots of 1 ha in the region of Madre de Dios. The data were compiled from databases such as RAINFOR, ForestPlots.net, among others. The floristic composition was analyzed using the species, genus and family richness. For the structural analysis, the phytosociological parameters of dominance (basal area m 2 /ha), abundance and index of importance for each species were calculated. A hierarchical clustering was made to group the plots of the study sites according to the floristic composition. An NMDS were performed to represent the flo ristic composition patterns in a reduced number of dimensions. A total of 11 890 trees were reported, distributed in 83 families, 335 genera and 1064 species, distributed in four floristic groups, corresponding to different types of forests (terra firme forest, floodplain, seasonal swamp and alluvial terrace). Also, using a curve of accumulation of species, using the software StimateS, the total number of tree species that occur in Madre de Dios was projected in ≥ 1600 species. The results show a high richness and diversity of trees in Madre de Dios, with high values of diversity in plots of Manu (northwest) and decreasing in the plots of Tambopata (southeast), which are close to the border with Bolivia.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue de evaluar la influencia de la conservación de bosques en la diversidad y composición florística en Madre de Dios (Perú). Analizamos 53 transectos Gentry en bosques protegidos y no protegidos. Todos los individuos con un DAP ≥ 2,5 cm fueron registrados y se calculó los atributos florísticos de riqueza de especies, géneros, familias y diversidad. El ANOVA fue utilizado para la comparación de atributos florísticos y se utilizaron técnicas multivariadas para evaluar y representar la similitud florística. Un total de 915 especies fueron registradas, representadas en 11404 individuos, 329 géneros y 90 familias. La riqueza de especies encontradas en el presente estudio es inferior a otros estudios en la Amazonía Peruana. En los bosques protegidos la abundancia fue significativamente superior a los bosques no protegidos. En los bosques de terraza alta se encontraron una mayor riqueza y diversidad de especies que en los de terraza inundable. Interesantemente, no encontramos diferencias significativas en la riqueza y diversidad de especies entre los bosques de terraza alta protegidos y no protegidos (ANOVA, P<0,05), pero si encontramos diferencias significativas en la composición florística entre estos dos tipos de bosques (PERMANOVA, P<0,001). Estimamos que en Madre de Dios existen 1430±130 especies de árboles >2,5cm DAP.