The combined effect of pH (3.5-7.0), temperature (4°C-50°C), and the presence of nisin (0-200 μg/mL) on the inactivation caused by pulsed electric fields (PEF) in two PEF-resistant Gram-positive microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, was investigated. A response surface model using a central composite design was developed for the purpose of understanding the individual effects and interactions of these factors and to identify the most promising combinations for microbial inactivation. According to the developed models, temperature was the factor showing the greatest influence on PEF inactivation in the two strains investigated. A temperature increment from 4°C to 50°C increased the lethality of PEF by 2 and 3 log(10) cycles in S. aureus and L. monocytogenes, respectively. PEF inactivation in both microorganisms decreased with increased pH in the treatment medium from 3.5 to 7. The effect of the presence of nisin on the increment of PEF lethality for L. monocytogenes was additive or slightly synergistic. For S. aureus, this effect was synergistic at low temperatures and tended to disappear with increasing temperature. An inactivation of 4.5 and 5.5 log(10) cycles was achieved in the populations of S. aureus and L. monocytogenes, respectively, in a medium of pH 3.5 in the presence of 200 μg/mL of nisin at 50°C. Therefore, the application of PEF at moderate temperatures in the presence of antimicrobials such as nisin has great potential for achieving effective control of the vegetative forms of the two PEF-resistant Gram-positive strains investigated, especially in foods of low pH, such as fruit juices.
Foodborne Illnesses (FI) are considered an important problem in public health for their high levels of morbidity and, in some cases, of mortality in Mexico and around the world. Different agents that cause Foodborne Illnesses, in which biological agents such as the genus Salmonella spp., are included, have been often associated with outbreaks.
Listeria monocytogenes tiene resistencia a diversos ambientes adversos. En condiciones de refrigeración puede sobrevivir periodos largos de tiempo. Además, el consumo de alimentos contaminados con Listeria monocytogenes puede causar listeriosis. Las bacterias del género Listeria spp., son bacilos anaerobios facultativos que no forman esporas, no contienen cápsula y son ubicuas, es decir, están ampliamente distribuidas en el medio ambiente. Algunos estudios indican que expresan mecanismos de resistencia fisiológica, e.g. al estrés térmico y ácido. Para el control de Listeria monocytogenes pueden usarse sustancias como el aceite esencial de Cymbopogon citratus, que tiene un contenido de citral > 70%. El citral es un monoterpeno compuesto de dos isómeros el neral y el geranial. Este compuesto tiene actividad antimicrobiana sobre Enterobacter zakazakii y Echerichia coli. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones (PICs, PBCs, MICs y MBCs) del aceite esencial de Cymbopogon citratus sobre el control de Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 11994 en un sistema modelo. Se realizó un análisis estadístico, con una comparación múltiple de medias de Duncan (SAS System, WindowsTM Versión 6.12, USA). Los resultados del estudio a los tiempos de 1 min y 60 min mostraron en algunos tratamientos una inhibición significativa (P>0.05) de entre 45%-50% para las concentraciones de 10,000 mg/L, 2000 mg/L y 500 mg/L. Sin embargo, en algunos tratamientos se observó crecimiento significativo, específicamente en los tratamientos del AECC de 50 mg/L y 100 mg/L. Los resultados experimentales se ajustaron a un modelo lineal para ambos sistemas de estudio, el primero relacionado con la Inhibición (%) y el segundo con el Crecimiento (%) de la bacteria control (Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 11994). En este estudio se observó que a una concentración del AECC de 10000 mg/L se pudo realizar el control significativo del crecimiento de Listeria monocytogenes.
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