SUMMARYObjective: Epilepsy is a serious neural disease that affects around 50 million people all over the world. Although for the majority patients with epilepsy, seizures are well controlled by currently available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), there are still >30% of patients suffered from medically refractory epilepsy and approximately 30-40% of all epileptic patients affected by numerous side effects and seizure resistance to the current AEDs. Therefore, many researchers try to develop novel approaches to treat epilepsy, for example, to discover new antiepileptic constituents from herbal medicines. Although there are already several reviews on phytotherapy in epilepsy, most of them placed emphasis on the plant crude extracts or their isolated fractions, not pure active compounds derived from herbal medicines. This article aims to review components in herbal medicines that have shown antiepileptic or anticonvulsant properties. Methods: We searched online databases and identified articles using the preset searching syntax and inclusion criteria. The active medicinal compounds that have shown anticonvulsant or antiepileptic activity were included and classified according to structural types. Results: We have reviewed herein the active constituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and coumarins. The screening models, the seizures-inducing factors and response, the effective dose, the potential mechanisms, as well as the structure-activity relationships in some of these active components have also been discussed. Significance: The in vitro and in vivo experimental data reviewed in this paper would supply the basic science evidence for research and development of novel AEDs from medicinal plants.

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Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres with a wrinkled surface were rationally synthesized for the first time by using graphene oxide as a morphology controlling agent through direct pyrolysis of core-shell structured GO-resol@melamine formaldehyde composites, showing excellent rate performance towards supercapacitors, due to their unique structural and surface properties.

Nevertheless, the inherent high trap density existed around the grain boundaries of PCF is ineluctable, [14][15][16] which restricts unobstructed carrier transport and boosts carrier recombination probability. Therefore, the performance enhancement of perovskite PCF has reached a bottleneck.Owing to its conspicuous crystallinity, high mobility, and low trap density, perovskite SCF within dozens of micrometers, is more attractive as light absorber for PDs than perovskite PCF. [17,18] Meanwhile, the larger area of perovskite crystal means a larger light receiving area. This makes large-area perovskite crystals are well received in the field of solar cells, integrated circuits, and light sensor arrays. [19][20][21] Unfortunately, due to the lack of immature technology for growing largesize thin SCF, reports about perovskite SCF PDs with ultra-fast response and high sensitivity remain scarce. Besides, the rotation hysteresis of organic components (FA, MA, etc) under an electric field and their instabilities against humidity and oxygen hinder the application of hybrid perovskite PDs with ultra-fast response. Fully inorganic cesium halide perovskites CsPbBr 3 (X = Br, I) demonstrate better stability and optoelectronic performances, and are therefore expected to obtain high stability and ultra-fast response optical communication devices. [22][23][24][25][26][27] Herein, we firstly report the growth of centimeter scale CsPbBr 3 SCFs with high quality and controllable thickness (40 µm) by an improved space-limited inverse temperature crystallization (ISLITC) procedure, in which the crystal growth process is controlled through variable heat areas. The MSM high-performance PD based on CsPbBr 3 SCF shows a fast response speed (500 kHz). Moreover, the use of our PD in an optical communication system is finally demonstrated. Results and DiscussionFigure 1a briefly shows the alterable heating area growth method of CsPbBr 3 SCF. Once stable nuclei are formed in a small heating region, the heating area is enlarged from 0.01 to 13 cm 2 to reduce the wafer growth rate and thus obtain high-quality and large-size wafers. To obtain large thin singleThe photodetector (PD) is the key component to realize efficient optoelectronic conversion signal in the visible light communication (VLC) system. The response speed directly determines the bandwidth of the whole system. Metal halide perovskite is a neotype of low-cost solution processing semiconductor, with strong optical absorption, low trap density, and high carrier mobility, thus has been widely explored in photoelectric detection applications. However, previously reported perovskite polycrystalline photodetectors exhibit limited response speed due to the existence of grain boundaries.Here, an improved confined space method is developed through adjusting the heating area to control nucleation, resulting in centimeter scale fully inorganic perovskite CsPbBr 3 thin single crystal films (SCFs) (<40 µm). The smooth surface and high crystallinity of CsPbBr 3 SCFs render admirable exciton lif...