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MicroRNA408 (miR408) is an ancient and highly conserved miRNA, which is involved in the regulation of plant growth, development and stress response. However, previous research results on the evolution and functional roles of miR408 and its targets are relatively scattered, and there is a lack of a systematic comparison and comprehensive summary of the detailed evolutionary pathways and regulatory mechanisms of miR408 and its targets in plants. Here, we analyzed the evolutionary pathway of miR408 in plants, and summarized the functions of miR408 and its targets in regulating plant growth and development and plant responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. The evolutionary analysis shows that miR408 is an ancient and highly conserved microRNA, which is widely distributed in different plants. miR408 regulates the growth and development of different plants by down-regulating its targets, encoding blue copper (Cu) proteins, and by transporting Cu to plastocyanin (PC), which affects photosynthesis and ultimately promotes grain yield. In addition, miR408 improves tolerance to stress by down-regulating target genes and enhancing cellular antioxidants, thereby increasing the antioxidant capacity of plants. This review expands and promotes an in-depth understanding of the evolutionary and regulatory roles of miR408 and its targets in plants.

A method based on parameter-induced stochastic resonance (PSR) is proposed for the target echo detection in the presence of shallow-water reverberation. The signals received by the horizontal sensor array are first preprocessed to form the input to a bistable stochastic resonance (SR) system. The detection decision is then made by a linear correlation detector based on the output of this SR system. The performance of our proposed detection system, in terms of deflections, is derived based on the solutions to the corresponding Fokker–Planck equations (FPE). Using PSR-based techniques, the detection performance can be optimized by tuning the system parameters properly. In addition, numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the efficiency and detection performance of our proposed detection system with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and the results show that it has good performance under the condition of the weak signal-to-reverberation-noise ratio (SRR).

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