Numerous scam emails received by journal editors with various rhetorical techniques are considerable linguistic phenomena to examine. Certain rhetorical techniques provide information about the email senders' identity and ideology. Thus, this study employs the transitivity system of Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistic and Chiluwa's discourse strategies to discover how scammers construe reality based on their identities and ideologies. The findings show that the highest number of data provide powerful relational discourses, whether the discourse is explicitly stated or implicitly inferred through the narrativity of the emails. Based on those findings, the represented identity of the scammers is understood to be ambiguous: whether the scammers have power or have learned to express power in their writing. The ambiguity, however, is proven ironic by the findings on the misapplication of Standard English writing, which also provides evidence that the scammers are most unlikely highly educated. Even though this study does not provide evidence of the real identity of the scammers, this study has provided confidence for the recipients to easily acknowledge that the scammers are the ones who have less power than the recipients do.

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It is important for students to integrate both argument and counterargument to construct effective argumentative writing. One strategy believed to improve the effectiveness of student's argumentative writing is through the employment of Bakhtinian dialogism. This action research was intended to observe student's strategy in constructing argumentative essay in the undergraduate EFL classroom in terms of balanced integration of argumentation, counterargument, and refutation through dialogic approach during drafting. In addition, possible factors that affect student's strategy in constructing argumentative. The results show some student's hesitation to the use of counterargument in the writing despite the fact other features in the argumentative essay show good quality. Possible factors in writing process are also discussed, e.g. student's sociocultural background, English proficiency level, and also attitudes towards the dialogic approach. Some suggestions indicate that students should be more encouraged to apply counterarguments in their essay in a more practical approach.

This paper examines the implications of post-space to the identity construction of the main characters, Ravi and Laura in the work of Sri Lankan Australian writer, Michelle De Kretser's The Questions of Travel. It investigates the journeys of the characters in Sydney, the meeting point or the post space of Ravi and Laura in which they have to negotiate themselves to the already-existed system. De Kretser's The Questions of Travel, apparently positions the two characters as the representatives of opposing poles, East and West. It can be found out that Ravi and Laura in the end lead the principle of colonial space. Ravi fails to appropriate himself to the Australian environment, while Laura reinforces her status as a white Australian by consistently leading a colonial path.