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The impact of psychological factors on transformational teaching (TFT) performance has been widely considered in inclusive and special education. The main aim of this cross-country study was to investigate the role of bio-psycho symptoms (BPS), mindfulness and subjective well-being as serial mediators of the relationship between perceived stress and TFT among Indonesian and Thai special education teachers. A total of 368 participants--177 teachers from Indonesia and 191 teachers from Thailand--completed self-report measures assessing the mentioned variables. Descriptive and correlational analyses were conducted. Serial mediation analyses found that in addition to the negative direct effect of stress on TFT, subjective well-being was a mediator among Indonesian special education teachers, while BPS, mindfulness and personal well-being were serial mediators among Thai special education teachers. They can be recognised as partial mediations on the proposed model. Findings suggest that the effect of stress on TFT is weakened by mindfulness and subjective well-being. Importantly, special education teachers may benefit from evidence-based stress management interventions and mindful-wellness programmes to achieve better implications for their teaching.

This study aims to determine the correlation between parental income levels with the role of parents. The sample is 370 parents of affected by Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The method used is a quantitative correlational approach to the type of survey analysis. The results showed the frequency of parents playing with children before and during the pandemic increased from 38.6% to 62.0%. The results of the bivariate correlation analysis are significance values of 9,956 (Sig> 0.05) with Pearson correlation coefficient numbers showing a result of -0.003 which means that the correlation only 0.003. The correlation coefficient is negative then correlation is inversely proportional, if the income level is moderate then the role of parents is high and vice versa which means that Ha is rejected and Ho is accepted there is no correlation between the level of parental income with the role of parents in early childhood learning during Covid-19.

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This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of digital-based geometry puzzle games to stimulate the spatial intelligence of children aged 4-5 years. This type of research is R&D (Research and Development) using the ASSURE model. This study used the target participants aged 4-5 years in PGRI II Taji Kindergarten as a test of instrument validity, Dharma Wanita Duriwetan Kindergarten as the main sample for testing a digital-based geometry puzzle product and NU Hidayatul Athfal Muslimat Kindergarten as a conventional product trial (LKA). The results showed that the digital- based geometric puzzle media that had been developed was more effectively used as a learning medium to stimulate children's spatial intelligence in recognizing shapes and colors compared to conventional media.