Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic risk factors including obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. MS in obese and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The objective of the present study is to estimate the prevalence of MS in obese T2DM subjects by using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) definitions. Methods: Obese T2DM (n=70) and normal healthy subjects (n=30) of both genders were selected from hospitals and diabetic centers of various localities of Karachi, Pakistan. The frequency of MS was estimated by utilizing criteria of the proposed definitions of IDF and NCEP-ATP III. Results: The prevalence of MS using IDF definition in obeseT2DM subjects was 85.7%. It is significantly higher (p≤0.05) in females (45.70%) as compared to males (30.0%). While, using NCEP-ATP III definition the overall prevalence of MS in obese T2DM subjects was 75.7%, the prevalence is significantly higher (p≤0.05) in females (47.1%) than males (38.6%). The development of MS was highly observed between 31-40 years of age under criteria of both definitions. Conclusion It is concluded that, the overall prevalence of MS is increasing significantly in obese T2DM subjects by using IDF and NCEP-ATP III definitions. However, IDF is more stringent for defining MS. Therefore, it is needed to initiate the preventive measures of a healthy lifestyle and emphasis should be given to reduce weight, increase physical activity, and increase intake of healthy low-glycemic-index foods.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent non-communicable disease in the world. Current investigations evolved that oxidative stress is also a major risk factor to cause type 2 diabetes mellitus due to impairment of antioxidant defense system in various biological fluids. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 70 type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and 30 normal healthy subjects of both genders were selected from various health care centers of Karachi, Pakistan for a study period of six months June 2017 -December 2017. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) concentration was measured in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique using Caymans Antioxidant Assay. The biochemical parameters and anthropometric measurements were estimated by standardized methods. Data was analyzed using the statistical program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10.0. Results: According to the study results TAC was significantly reduced (**0.05 ± 0.00 mmol /L) in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects compared to normal healthy subjects (0.13 ± 0.02 mmol /L). It was noted that diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), and triglycerides (TG's) were significantly increased while high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly reduced in diabetic subjects than the comparative healthy individuals. Conclusion: This study showed that decreased levels of TAC and HDL-C in type 2 DM patients with increased levels of BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), DBP, and total cholesterol (TC) which may cause oxidative stress and increase the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other metabolic diseases. Modifications in dietary habits and intake of antioxidant foods or supplements may diminish the process of oxidative stress which may consequently decrease CVD and other severe clinical outcomes.

Aim: To find out the frequency of vitamin D and calcium in pregnant women and their effects on fetus as well as mothers. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Darul Shifa Clinic & Maternity Home Karachi Pakistan from 1st July 2020 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients with proper evidence of pregnancy were enrolled. All patients from age 18 years to age 35 years with no other disease were included and those women who have some other diseases or age outliers were excluded. Results: There is a significance difference in the vitamin D and calcium during the period of pregnancy. In the group A (18 years to 25 years) the significance difference of vitamin D was (P=0.000) while the calcium was (P=0.200). In the group B (26 years to 30 years) the significance difference of vitamin D was (P=0.000) while the Calcium was (P=0.071) and in the group C (30 years to 35 years) there was no significant change of vitamin D and calcium (P=0.000). The result of group C is different from the results of the above two groups, because in this age majority of the women were living in a congested houses as well as were spending a depressive life due to home problems, husband wife compromise problems, children problems, financial problems etc. and all such problems have a direct impact on their pregnancy Conclusion: It was statistically found that the Vitamin D and calcium values show significances changes during pregnancy in contrast to the normal women. Key words: Vitamin D, Calcium, Pregnant women

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