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Adaptive heritage reuse is a useful method to bring new meaning into a culture, manage heritage sites, and promote tourism development. However, it is not always successful, and there is no theoretical framework to understand its attractiveness and value. This study aimed at developing such a theoretical framework based on the analysis of nine cases of adaptive heritage reuse in Taiwan. The probe question technique of qualitative interview was used to assess the attraction framework. A total of 90 respondents were interviewed based on constant comparative analysis with the sampling strategy of theoretical saturation. The results illustrate the heritage and activities of the reuse environments, including natural and regional environments. These environments produce recreational values, including self-growth, health benefits, and social benefits. As promoting activities is an important attraction for tourists in the heritage reuse environment, the natural environment can be used to plan and design heritage outdoor activities. Finally, the regional environment can be an important basis for assessing the feasibility of adaptive heritage reuse, including historical streets, surrounding tourist attractions, and high transportation accessibility. This theoretical framework can be used to achieve sustainable management of heritage sites.

More studies are needed on the mechanism and effective prediction of bird diversity in various habitats. The primary purpose of this study was to explore the difference in the species richness and evenness of various habitats. The secondary purpose was to explore which habitat types and compositions predict a high bird diversity. The 2010-2016 Taiwan Breeding Bird Survey was used to analyze the relationship between landscape habitat and bird ecology. Landscape habitat type was divided into seven categories and 26 sub-types: forestland, farmland, grassland, freshwater wetland, aquaculture pond and saltpan, coastland, and building area. Four ecological indexes were used: the number of bird individuals, the number of species, the Margalef Richness Index, and the Pielou Evenness Index. The result indicated that forestland decreased bird numbers, except in a windbreak forest. Natural and farmland-related habitats increased bird species richness. Similarly, the natural habitat increased species evenness. Urban greenspace could not replace the effect of forestland on species richness and evenness. Conifer forest, bamboo forest, windbreak forest, mixed tree, tall grassland, and orchard were important habitats for promoting higher species richness and evenness.The relationship between various environments and bird diversity has been a critical issue. A large number of studies have explored the variety of bird diversity in urban and rural areas 1-8 , farmland 9-12 , and forestland [13][14][15][16] . Some studies indicated that a higher ecological diversity not only benefits species survival but is also an important indicator of human well-being 17,18 . The promotion of bird diversity is a useful method for generating human psychological benefits 19 . Therefore, the mechanism and effective prediction of bird diversity in various habitats should be understood.The mechanisms relating to various habitats and bird diversity with human activity are still not clear. Species richness and species evenness are two common concepts to measure species diversity 20 . The number of breeding bird species increases from urban to suburban, rural, and natural areas 2,4,12,21 . A few studies indicated that urbanization did not reduce bird species richness (i.e., the number of bird species) due to an abundant food supply, but rather increased the number of birds in a few dominant bird species 22 . One of the main characteristics of urban areas is the numerical dominance of a few abundant bird species 21 , which means a lower species evenness. This observation corresponds to the primary purpose of the study: species evenness may demonstrate a dissimilarity in bird diversity between natural and urban environments. Few studies have separately explored bird species richness and evenness to answer this question in various bird habitats.Some habitat types and characteristics have been studied and have shown positive results for higher bird diversity. The presence of forest is a positive environmental characteristic for bird diversity in various envi...

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