This study demonstrates that carotenoids produced by B. aquimaris SH6 can be successfully absorbed and converted to astaxanthin in whiteleg shrimp.

BackgroundThere is a need for a reliable and accurate method for quantification of each of the seven individual vitamin B6 compounds including pyridoxine-β-glucoside in foods.ObjectiveTo determine pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate (PMP), pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PNP), and pyridoxine-β-glucoside (PNG) in foods.DesignBy specific enzymatic treatment, each of the seven vitamin B6 compounds was all converted into 4-pyridoxolactone, which is a highly fluorescent compound. In total, seven separate, enzymatic steps were performed for each sample. Separation and quantification were performed with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection. For each sample type the result was corrected for the recovery based on spiked samples. The method was applied for analyses of chicken liver, chicken white meat, egg yolk, egg white, dried anchovy, carrots, and garlic.ResultsThe recovery varied from 14 to 114% in chicken liver, chicken white meat, egg yolk, egg white, dried anchovy, carrot, and garlic. Each food showed a characteristic distribution of the seven vitamin B6 compounds. The PNG was only found in low amounts; that is, 17–29nmol vitamin B6/g in the plant-derived foods, carrot and garlic. Only egg white showed a lower content, 3nmol/g. Overall the content in chicken liver, chicken white meat, and egg yolk had a total content of vitamin B6 between 42 and 51nmol/g. Both PM and PMP were high in the chicken liver. In contrast, PL and PLP were high in the chicken white meat. The main vitamin B6 in the egg yolk was PLP. The dried anchovy contained high amounts of PLP and PMP and a total content of 144nmol/g.ConclusionsThe enzymatic-based HPLC method was applied for the determination of seven vitamin B6 compounds in foods. Their distribution in the foods varied significantly.

Summary A method for determining all of the six natural vitamin B 6 compounds and pyridoxine-␤ -glucoside in urine from humans consuming their usual diet was developed. These compounds were specifically converted with 5 enzymes into a high fluorescent 4-pyridoxolactone which was supersensitively determined by an isocratic HPLC. All of the compounds in urine from humans consuming their usual diets were for the first time determined together. The preparation procedure for urine samples was easy without HClhydrolysis, and the enzyme reactions took only 2 or 3 h. It required only 5 L of the urine sample for analysis of one of the compounds. Urine samples from five young Japanese males consuming their usual diet contained pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine-␤ -glucoside but not pyridoxine or phosphoester forms. The contents of 4-pyridoxic acid and pyridoxal correlate well with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. On the other hand, the content of pyridoxamine did not correlate with that of 4-pyridoxic acid.

Population aging, which is a global phenomenon, has strongly impacted the social lives of many societies around the world. In which, Japan and Vietnam are two of the twenty countries with the largest older population in the world. The “Kaso”- depopulation, has been occurring in rural Japan since the 1960s and has had negative impacts on community development. Vietnam in general, and Thua Thien Hue Province in particular is revealed to be in the beginning period of the “aging phase” - one of the Kaso signs. This paper attempts to clarify (1) how the extent of “Kaso” in Japan occurs in the study area of Vietnam; and (2) how is the inhabitant consciousness on daily life, socioeconomic development status and the concern of local people on the future development of rural community in context of projected population aging. Based on preliminary typology analysis of the demographic statistics (total population, aging population structure) of Thua Thien Hue at the commune level during the period of 1989-2012, two rural communes with aging population characters were chosen for further analysis through household questionnaires. The research result demonstrated that there has been similar to the initial situation of Kaso in rural Japan. However, the deep analysis result indicated that the presence of rural people’s negative consciousness of community development is not strong. Those preliminary results enable to emphasize significant importance on providing implicit information on the negative consciousness of rural people regarding the future of rural Vietnam.