This paper examines the torque ripple and cogging torque variation in surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors with skewed rotor. The effect of slot/pole combinations and magnet shapes on the magnitude and harmonic content of torque waveforms in a PMSM drive has been studied. Finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental results show that for certain magnet designs and configurations the skewing with steps does not necessarily reduce the ripple in the electromagnetic torque, but may cause it to increase. The electromagnetic torque waveforms including cogging torque have been analyzed for four different PMSM configurations having the same envelop dimensions and output characteristics.

No abstract

C1q is an uncommon, controversial and under-recognized entity. There is disagreement regarding whether it is an established disease or just part of the spectrum of minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. C1q nephropathy is diagnosed solely by kidney biopsy. We report two cases of C1q nephropathy, one in a 39-year-old man and the other in an 8-year-old boy. Our two cases highlight the variable nature of this disease. In this article, we present our cases, review the criteria for diagnosis and highlight the heterogeneous nature of this disease in terms of clinical presentation, renal biopsy and variable outcomes. We also discuss the postulated etiopathogenetic mechanisms and note the reported associations.

Interpretation of next-generation sequencing data of individuals with an apparent sporadic neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) often focusses on pathogenic variants in genes associated with NDD, assuming full clinical penetrance with limited variable expressivity. Consequently, inherited variants in genes associated with dominant disorders may be overlooked when the transmitting parent is clinically unaffected. While de novo variants explain a substantial proportion of cases with NDDs, a significant number remains undiagnosed possibly explained by coding variants associated with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. We characterized twenty families with inherited heterozygous missense or protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in CHD3, a gene in which de novo variants cause Snijders Blok-Campeau syndrome, characterized by intellectual disability, speech delay and recognizable facial features (SNIBCPS). Notably, the majority of the inherited CHD3 variants were maternally transmitted. Computational facial and human phenotype ontology-based comparisons demonstrated that the phenotypic features of probands with inherited CHD3 variants overlap with the phenotype previously associated with de novo variants in the gene, while carrier parents are mildly or not affected, suggesting variable expressivity. Additionally, similarly reduced expression levels of CHD3 protein in cells of an affected proband and of related healthy carriers with a CHD3 PTV, suggested that compensation of expression from the wildtype allele is unlikely to be an underlying mechanism. Our results point to a significant role of inherited variation in SNIBCPS, a finding that is critical for correct variant interpretation and genetic counseling and warrants further investigation towards understanding the broader contributions of such variation to the landscape of human disease.

Belum ditemukan informasi dan data yang akurat jenis tanaman penutup tanah yang sesuai dan efektif menekan pertumbuhan gulma, namun tidak menimbulkan saingan terhadap tanaman jagung. Oleh karena itu telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan jenis tanaman legum yang sesuai untuk ground cover dan ditumpangsarikan dengan jagung. Percobaan dirancang menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 8 perlakua yaitu, tanaman jagung bebas gulma selama tumbuhnya,tanaman jagung dibiarkan bergulma selama tumbuhnya, tanaman jagung dengan tanaman penutup tanah dari kedelai, kacang tanah, kacang hijau, kacang merah, kacang ucu dan kacang tunggak. Masing-masing perlakuan ditempatkan secara acak dalam tiga blok. Parameter yang diamati, populasi gulma, bobot biomas kering gulma, populasi tanaman jagung, bobot biomas kering tanaman jagung, indeks luas daun jagung, panjang tongkol, diameter tongkol dan  bobot pipilan kering jagung. Data dianalisis dengan Anova (Analysis of Variance) pada taraf nyata 5%. Uji lanjut menggunakan uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) pada taraf nyata 5 %. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, kacang tunggak dan kacang tanah sangat baik untuk tanaman penutup tanah pada tanaman jagung, karena sangat efektif menekan populasi dan pertumbuhan gulma serta tidak menimbulkan kompetisi dengan tanaman jagung. Alikasinya menggunakan sistem tanam ganda dengan menanam 2 lajur tanaman penutup tanah tersebut pada lorong diantara barisan tanaman jagung yang jarak tanamnya 25 cm x 40 cm. Jarak barisan tanaman penutup tanah dari tanaman jagung 10 cm, dan jarak tanam tanaman penutup tanah 20 cm x 25 cm.