The uptake of silicon (Si) by plants is known to reinforce plant tissues against invertebrate herbivores, but whether there is also direct antibiosis from ingesting Si remains in question. To investigate for antibiotic effects, Si-bearing minerals, wollastonite (CaSiO3) or olivine (Mg/FeSiO3), were added to artificial diets as finely ground powders (40-50 μm) before or after acidulation to determine whether Si-reduced larval growth. Newly hatched Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) and H. punctigera (Wallengren, 1860) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were placed onto the diets and weighed once the larvae on the control diet had completed feeding (day12 for H. armigera; day 14 for H. punctigera: 25.5°C). Acidulated olivine at rates of 0.4-1.7% Si w/dw (weight Si/dry weight of diet) reduced larval weight of H. armigera by 95-99% compared with control diets. Non-acidulated olivine also appeared to cause a decline in larval weight. Wollastonite at rates of up to 3.3% Si had no significant effect on larval weight whether acidulated or not. A similar effect was observed for H. punctigera. Very few insects survived to emergence on diets containing the higher rates of acidulated olivine. Olivine contains quantities of heavy metals, particularly nickel, cobalt and chromium, which can be toxic to insects. Given the lack of toxicity when Si was included as wollastonite compared with similar quantities as olivine, the heavy metals are implicated as the antibiotic agents. Acidulation increased the toxicity of olivine probably by rendering the metals more biologically active. The results of this bioassay do not support the hypothesis that Si is directly antibiotic to Helicoverpa spp. via ingestion.
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some neonicotinoid insecticides including, Actara 25 WDG (foliar and soil treatment), Confidor 200 SL, Calypso 480 SC, Polo, Confidor 5 G against cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci on Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) during the growing season of 2018. The results revealed that the highest population of the adults was concentrated on the upper leaves at the new growth of the plant, while the majority of nymphs were found on the middle leaves of the plant, and the females preferred to lay the eggs on the upper leaves because the highest proportion of eggs was found on the upper leaves. The foliar application of Actara and confidor were significantly effective against the whiteflies after one day of treatment. While the soil treatments of the Actara and Confidor showed the least efficiency at one day after the treatment; all treatments except Polo were significantly superior over control in decreasing the population of the nymphs at the day 14 after the treatment. Polo did not show any efficiency in the reduction of the number of live nymphs. The data on efficacy of the tested neonicotinoid insecticides against the B. tabaci on the eggplant under the greenhouse showed different efficiency according to the treatment method. At one day after the application, foliar spraying of Actara and Calypso were the most efficient; and the efficacy of all tested insecticides increased up to the day 14 after application, and foliar treatment of Actara gave the highest efficacy after 14 days.
اجري البحث خلال سنة 2014 لعزل وتشخيص بعض انواع الفطريات المحمولة خارجياً وداخليا لحشرة الصرصر الامريكي Periplaneta americana L. (Orthoptera: Blattidae) والتي جمعت من اماكن مختلفة من مسشتفى النسائية والتوليد والمناطق السكنية القريبة من المستشفى ،وحسبت نسبة التردد لهذه الفطريات لها ودرس التاثير للفطريات المعزولة على نسبة قتل بالغات الصرصر الامريكي، عزلت وشخصت الفطريات ، Aspergillus niger و Aspergillus.fumigatus و Trichoderma harzianum و Penicillium sp. و Alternaria sp. و, Mucor spوFusarium sp من السطح الخارجي والقناة الهضمية لحشرة الصرصر الامريكي Periplaneta americana L. (Orthoptera: Blattidae) ،اذ كانت اعلى نسبة تردد للفطر Aspergillus niger اذ بلغت 26.32 % واقل نسبة تردد كانت للفطر sp Mucor اذ بلغت نسبة تردده 1.75. وبينت النتائج تاثير الفطر Trichoderma harzianum في احداث الاصابة ببالغات الصرصر الامريكي عند استعماله بطريقة الرش وطريقة الطعوم ، اذ اعطت طريقة الطعوم نسبة قتل بلغت 66.66% بعد 10 يوم من المعاملة عند تركيز 17×10 6 بوغ/سم3 بالمقارنة مع طريقة المعاملة بالرش اذ بلغت نسبة القتل 40% عند نفس التركيز اعلاه وبنفس الفترة الزمنية .
اجريت هذه الدراسة لتقييم فاعلية بعض المبيدات الكيميائية اكتارا (Thiamethoxam) و افانت (Indoxacarb) وكراتي((Lambda cyhalothrin و الفطر الاحيائي Trichoderma harzianum ضد يرقات وبالغات حشرة خنفساء الفجل Colaphellus apicalis Mentr. بينت الدراسة ان المبيدين افانت واكتارا هما الافضل اذ بلغت النسبة المئوية لفاعليتهما في يرقات خنفساء الفجل 90.42 و88.51% على التوالي وبلغت 80.85% بالنسبة لمبيد كراتي.وبلغت النسبة المئوية لفاعليتهما في بالغات خنفساء الفجل 83.84 و79.4% على التوالي عند استخدام مبيد افانت واكتارا وبلغت 77.33% عند استخدام مبيد كراتي . وبينت الدراسة ايضا تاثير المعلق البوغي للفطر Trichoderma harzianum ضد يرقات وبالغات خنفساء الفجل اذ بلغت النسبة المئوية لفاعليتهما 61.22 و53.08% على التوالي بعد سبعة ايام من المعاملة عند تركيز 1×1210. و اوضحت النتائج ايضا ارتفاع النسبة المئوية لفعالية المبيد في يرقات وبالغات خنفساء الفجل عند زيادة الفتره الزمنيه للتعرض للمعلق البوغي للفطر. وبناءاً على النتائج يمكن ان نوصي باستخدام مبيد افانت واكتارا في مكافحة حشرة خنفساء الفجل.
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