Integrated Force Arrays (IFAs)12345 are thin film linear actuators which operate with substantial displacement and force. The methods of attachment of these devices to external systems are under development. Our current methods to incorporate IFAs in an scanning ultrasound imaging systems as well as a new material and method for attachment will be described. I . INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it will describe the current progress in using IFAs as linear actuators for scanning a miniature PZT transducer for intra luminal ultasound imaging. Second, it will discuss the materials and methods involved in the development of a photoimageable adhesIve for joining micromachined parts. Such a material might be used to advantage in a range of MEMS applications including IFA attachment. 248 SPIE Vol. 3046 • 0277-786X/971$1 0.00 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/25/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx

IntroductionRobotic surgery is a method of minimally invasive surgery performed through small incisions using a remote robotic console. Surgical residents and attendings participate in simulation training to be able to effectively perform robotic surgery using wet labs, dry labs and virtual reality platforms. Our objective is to identify the effectiveness of robotic simulation on novice robotic surgeons. This review will answer our review question: To what extent are robotic simulations for training novice robotic general surgery residents and attendings associated with improved outcomes in comparison with no simulation training?Methods and analysisA comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science was performed. The studies were then determined to meet initial screening criteria by one individual for abstract and title with full text screening performed by two authors independently and in duplicate. Narrative themes will be collected, analysed and summarised where possible.Ethics and disseminationThere is no Institutional Review Board approval required given that the work is carried out on previously published papers. The final manuscript and results will be presented and published at an academic conference and peer -reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021274090.

Integrated Force Arrays (IFAs)1 ,2,3,4,5,6,7 are thin film membrane actuators that act as transfer devices for electrostatic force. They are capable of large amplitude motion and evidence significant energies per unit volume (eg. 8.2 erg/mm3).Devices which use IFAs as drivers to scan PZT acoustic imaging transducers are under development and will be discussed here. O-8194-2097-2/96/$6.OO SPIE Vol. 2722 / 123 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/18/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx SPIE Vol. 2722 / 125 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/18/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx