The brown color of Arabidopsis seeds is caused by the deposition of proanthocyanidins (PAs or condensed tannins) in their inner testa layer. A transcription factor complex consisting of TT2, TT8 and TTG1 controls expression of PA biosynthetic genes, just as similar TTG1-dependent complexes have been shown to control flavonoid pigment pathway gene expression in general. However, PA synthesis is controlled by at least one other gene. TTG2 mutants lack the pigmentation found in wild-type seeds, but produce other flavonoid compounds, such as anthocyanins in the shoot, suggesting that TTG2 regulates genes in the PA biosynthetic branch of the flavonoid pathway. We analyzed the expression of PA biosynthetic genes within the developing seeds of ttg2-1 and wild-type plants for potential TTG2 regulatory targets. We found that expression of TT12, encoding a MATE type transporter, is dependent on TTG2 and that TTG2 can bind to the upstream regulatory region of TT12 suggesting that TTG2 directly regulates TT12. Ectopic expression of TT12 in ttg2-1 plants partially restores seed coat pigmentation. Moreover, we show that TTG2 regulation of TT12 is dependent on TTG1 and that TTG1 and TTG2 physically interact. The observation that TTG1 interacts with TTG2, a WRKY type transcription factor, proposes the existence of a novel TTG1-containing complex, and an addendum to the existing paradigm of flavonoid pathway regulation.

An operationally simple, one-pot multicomponent reaction has been developed for the assembly of 9H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,2-d][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepines adorned with three diversification points via an atom-economical transformation incorporating α-diketones, o-azidobenzaldehydes, propargylic amines, and ammonium acetate. This process involves tandem InCl3-catalyzed cyclocondensation and intramolecular azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions; optimization data, substrate scope, and mechanistic insights are discussed.

Atom economy and esters: compatible now! The first catalytic insertion of a CC bond into an acyl CO bond was achieved using rhodium catalysts (see scheme). The products are β‐alkoxy ketones with a fully substituted carbon center. Quinoline chelating groups were employed to stabilize the Rh‐alkoxide intermediate.

AltiVec technology is Motorola's high-per$ormance vector parallel processing extension to the PowerPC"' RISC microprocessor. It is designed to improve the performance of algorithms and applications that can exploit data parallelism such as those in digital signal processing (DSP) and multimedia. In this paper, we investigate the behavior of the AltiVec technology on a set of common DSP and multimedia algorithms. These algorithms include digital $lters, fast Fourier transforms, inverse discrete cosine transforms, and vector arithmetic. Each algorithm has one non-AltiVec version, and one version implemented with the AltiVec instruction set by using the AItiVec programming model. The AltiVec version of the algorithms is evaluated using an AltiVec emulator. Traces for both versions are obtained by using an AltiVec-enabled trace generator, and trace-driven simulation is performed by using a cycle-accurate performance simulator. The observed speedup for the AltiVec version of DSP and multimedia algorithms ranges porn a factor of I.60 up to 11.66, and the number of dynamic instructions is reduced by a factor of 1.82 up to 10.25. In addition to quantifying the speedup, we also perform detailed instruction level analysis, which helps to understand issues that become significant while utiiizing AltiVec to exploit SIMD parallelism. EfJicient utilization of a vector extension such as AltiVec currently requires signijkantprogramming eflort.

With over 1 million incidence cases and more than 780,000 deaths in 2018, gastric cancer (GC) was ranked as the 5th most common cancer and the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Though several biomarkers, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), have been identified, their diagnostic accuracies were modest. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cells derived from tumors and present in body fluids, have recently emerged as promising biomarkers, diagnostically and prognostically, of cancers, including GC. In this review, we present the landscape of CTCs from migration, to the presence in circulation, biologic properties, and morphologic heterogeneities. We evaluated clinical implications of CTCs in GC patients, including diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management, as well as their application in immunotherapy. On the one hand, major challenges in using CTCs in GC were analyzed, from the differences of cut-off values of CTC positivity, to techniques used for sampling, storage conditions, and CTC molecular markers, as well as the unavailability of relevant enrichment and detection techniques. On the other hand, we discussed future perspectives of using CTCs in GC management and research, including the use of circulating tumor microembolies; of CTC checkpoint blockade in immunotherapy; and of organoid models. Despite the fact that there are remaining challenges in techniques, CTCs have potential as novel biomarkers and/or a non-invasive method for diagnostics, prognostics, and treatment monitoring of GC, particularly in the era of precision medicine.