Shrimp culture has become an important industry which is accounting for approximately 18% of the total world's aquaculture economy. Asian and Latin America are major production areas whose economic value is estimated at USD 28 billion per year [1]. However, this highvalue industry has faced serious disease outbreaks, particularly caused by Vibrio bacteria, which have caused widespread losses to farmers. A certain Vibrio species can cause high mortality to shrimp such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V. mimicus, or V. vulnificus. Vibrio bacteria are the major agent responsible for acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, shell disease, white gut disease, luminescent disease, red disease, and loose shell [2,3].Antibiotics were widely applied in aquaculture to control pathogenic bacterial infections including Vibrio species. The overuse of antibiotics

OBJECTIVE To determine pulmonary anthracosis in zoo, wildlife, and companion animals of Jeollabuk-do Province, South Korea. ANIMALS A total of 350 animals of 61 different species, belonging to 3 classes (mammals: n = 38; avian: 21; and reptiles: 2) from different habitats in Jeollabuk-do Province, were examined. PROCEDURES Gross lung examination and tissue sampling were done at postmortem, and histopathological analysis was microscopically done on hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides. RESULTS Macroscopic analysis of anthracotic lung tissue revealed minute (pinpoint size) spots and black pigmentation in a scattered and/or coalescing fashion. The presence of carbon particles was noted in 154 (44%, 154/350) cases. Based on habitation, zoo animals had the highest frequency of anthracosis in the lung (55.2%, 69/125), followed by companion animals (45.2%, 56/124) and wildlife animals (28.7%, 29/101). There was an association between habitation and the presence of anthracosis (P < .05). CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study revealed evidence that the presence of anthracosis is associated with the environmental air quality of zoo, wildlife, and companion animals in Jeollabuk-do Province, South Korea. Air pollution may affect the respiratory health of the endangered species at the Jeonju Zoo as well as the human population. Continuous monitoring of particulate matter and establishing policies that control industrialization around the province would enable quick action to curb any potential respiratory health risks to animals kept in the urban cities of the province.