| INTRODUC TI ONNutritional management strategies in increase grain proportion to meet demand for energy should cover risk for and prevention of subclinical ruminal acidosis (SARA). It is characterized by increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and propionate fraction and decreased ruminal pH (5.2-5.8) and acetate fraction. Meanwhile, ruminal lactate concentration exceeds 5-10 mM (Keunen et al., 2002).Ruminal pH kinetics parameters (i.e., minimal pH level and time below critical pH level) are diagnostic markers for SARA. The degree of severity of acidosis is more related to time below critical pH level, rather than the mean pH level (Keunen et al., 2002). To maintain normal flora and biological processes in the rumen as well as prevent SARA, daily mean ruminal pH should not be less than 6.16 and time for pH less than 5.80 should not be longer than 5.24 hr in high-producing cows (Zebeli et al., 2008).
This study was carried out with 656 Hysex-Brown layer hen with 58 weeks old. 2 x 4 Multifactorial test setup was used. Egg production, daily feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, damaged egg ratio, body weight and specific gravity datas were examined in laying hens fed at different times and raised at different stocking density. Hens placed in cages as 412.5 and 495 cm 2 /hen and formed 8 groups and feeds were given at 06:00, 9:30, 06:00-06:30 and 09:30-13:30h. The trial was continued for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of egg production, daily feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (P<0.05), and there was no difference in egg weight, damaged egg ratio, body weight and specific gravity (P>0.05). It was determined that egg production was the highest and feed consumption and feed conversion ratio was the lowest in groups with a frequency of 495 cm 2 /chicken and fed at one time at 09:30h. Egg production was the lowest and feed conversion ratio was highest in groups with a frequency of 412.5 cm 2 /hen and fed at 09:30-13:30h. It was also determined that feeding two times at 06:00h and 06:30h increased the feed consumption, but feeding one time at 09:30h decreased the feed consumption.
This study evaluated the effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 supplementation on digestibility, faecal characteristics, some blood chemistry parameters and microbiota of dogs. Eighteen adult Golden retriever dogs were assigned to three treatments: control (no B. subtilis), 2g B. subtilis (5 × 108 CFU/g, BS1) and 4g B. subtilis (5 × 108 CFU/g, BS2) added groups. Dogs were fed 25 days of adaptation period followed by 5 days of faecal collection. Blood samples were taken from all dogs on the first and last day of the study. Fecal characteristics were evaluated on the last 3 days of the study by dry matter content, fecal score, fecal output, pH, ammonia, short (SCFA) and branched chain fatty acids. Improved dry matter, fibre, organic matter and protein digestibility coefficents were determined in BS1 and BS2 (P < 0.05). Lower pH, higher dry matter, acetate, propionate and isobutyrate levels in feaces were determined in BS1 and BS2 (P < 0.05). Lower ammonia and firmer stools were observed in BS2 (P < 0.001). Counts of CFU of faecal Enterococci, Lactobacilli were improved BS1 and BS2 (P < 0.05). Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not affected (P > 0.05). Higher values of WBCs, RBCs and granulocyte were recorded in B.subtilis groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of B. subtilis in dog food improved faecal quality, enhanced digestibility of diet and contributed to the health by supporting immune functions of dogs, reducing gut ammonia, increasing SCFA and number of Lactobacillus and Enterecocci.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.