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Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are potent nanomaterials that have diverse shapes and features. The utilization of these molecules for drug delivery is being investigated; thus, it is important to determine whether they alter immune responses against pathogens. In this study, we show that macrophages treated with a mixture of lipopolysaccharide and SWCNTs produced normal levels of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA. However, these treatments induced cell death, presumably via necrosis. In addition, treating cells with SWCNTs induced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA, a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine. These results suggest that SWCNTs may influence immune responses, which could result in unexpected effects following their administration for the purpose of drug delivery.

To restore the Thai economy within a reasonable period, the Thai government needs a continuous improvement or innovation of both public administration and bureaucracy. Since 1958 Thai public administration has been accepted a big role for the nation's modernization and has executed the goals of social and economic development. This study identifies the current status of not the only roles and functions of Thai public administration and bureaucracy, but also the Thai governmental administrative system both as part of its decisionmaking apparatus and in order to carry out those decisions. Additionally, this study examines the necessity of Thai governmental reform to improve productivity in public organizations.