We review the etiology, characteristics and management of ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS). Ocular ischemic syndrome is a visual-threatening condition closely linked to advanced cardiovascular disease. Patients with OIS are at risk for ocular neovascularization and carotid artery stenosis. Diagnostic testing to confirm the diagnosis of OIS must be done in order to properly determine treatment and management options for these patients as the risk for permanent visual loss is greater with higher levels of ischemia and advanced cardiovascular disease. Coordination of care with the patient’s primary care provider is necessary to optimize the patient’s cardiovascular risk factors and determine the most appropriate medical and/or surgical treatment. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/ocular-ischemic-syndrome-a-brief-review) Please check COPE course expiry date prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.

Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) are acquired, focal dilatations of retinal arterioles. They result from progressive thinning and a decrease in elasticity of the retinal arteriole wall due to cardiovascular disease and can be either fusiform or saccular in shape. Retinal arterial macroaneurysms are most commonly seen in elderly females. Although most RAMs spontaneously involute, they can lead to vision-threatening complications such as vitreous hemorrhage and macular edema. This paper reviews the etiology, characteristics and management of RAMs. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/retinal-arterial-macroaneurysm-a-brief-review) Please check COPE course expiry date prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.