A qualitative systematic review was performed to identify associations of obesity and dyslipidemia with intake of sodium, fat, and sugar among Koreans. We reviewed 6 Korean research databases (KMbase, KoreaMed, NDSL, DBpia, RISS, KISS) with the keywords “sodium intake,” “fat intake,” and “sugar intake.” Total of 11 studies were investigated in this present study. Of these articles, 7 studies were related to sodium intake, 2 studies had a relation to fat intake, and 2 studies were associated with sugar intake. We indicated general characteristics, concentration of serum lipids, nutrition intake, and statistically significant results. High sodium intake contributed to increased etiology of hypertriglyceridemia, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) hypocholesterolemia, and a risk of being overweight. Fat intake was significantly associated with body fat, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) hypercholesterolemia, and HDL hypocholesterolemia. Sugar intake from coffee drinks and sugar-sweetened beverages contributed to increased HDL hypocholesterolemia and continuous metabolic syndrome score. This qualitative review among Koreans represented that intake of sodium, fat, and sugar has a positive relationship with cause of obesity-related diseases. Especially, this present study has a great significance in terms of considered study that intake of the potentially hazardous nutrients among Koreans has an association with obesity and dyslipidemia. However, further studies such as randomized controlled trials on associations between sodium, fat, and sugar and obesity and dyslipidemia need to be continuously required in order to conduct quantitative systematic reviews and a meta-analysis for Koreans.

Background Hypertension (HTN) is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular mortality globally. The WHO estimates a 60% increase in Asian HTN patients between 2000 and 2025. Numerous studies have compared safety and efficacy between antihypertensive classes, but in-class comparisons of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in combination therapy (CT) (fixed-dose combination or dual combination) with a calcium channel blocker (CCB) are lacking in Asia. Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of the various ARB-amlodipine CTs and amlodipine (AML) monotherapy for treatment of HTN in Asian population. Methods A systematic literature review sourced Asian randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from PubMed and Cochrane Libraries to inform a network meta-analysis (NMA). We considered the ARB-AML CT. The primary efficacy and safety endpoints were short-term (8–12 weeks) treatment response and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), respectively. AML monotherapy was used as a comparator to allow for indirect treatment effect estimation in the absence of direct RCTs evidence comparing the different ARB-AML CTs. Results The analysis included 1198 Asian HTN patients from seven studies involving six ARB-AML CTs: azilsartan (AZL), candesartan (CAN), fimasartan (FIM), losartan (LOS), olmesartan (OLM), and telmisartan (TEL). Compared to AML monotherapy, CT of AZL-AML had five times greater odds of prompting a treatment response (OR 5.2, 95% CI: 2.5, 11.2), while CAN-AML had 3.9 (95% CI: 2.5, 6.4), FIM-AML had 3.4 (95% CI: 1.4, 8.5), TEL-AML had 3.3 (95% CI: 1.6, 7.1), OLM-AML had 2.7 (95% CI: 1.6, 5.0), and LOS-AML had 2.0 (95% CI: 0.6, 7.3). All ARB-AML CTs had safety profiles comparable to AML monotherapy except TEL-AML, which had significantly lower odds of TEAEs (0.26 (95% CI: 0.087, 0.70)). Conclusion This study suggests that all ARB-AML CTs compared favorably to AML monotherapy regarding short-term treatment response in uncomplicated HTN patients of Asian origin. AZL-AML prompted the most favorable treatment response. Safety profiles among the ARB-AML CTs were largely comparable. Due to the limited study size and small number of trials (direct evidence), our findings should best be interpreted as an exploratory effort importance to inform future research direction.

Purpose: Excess sodium intake may contribute to the etiology of hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a daily sodium intake of less than 2 g. The aim of this study was to estimate the association of sodium intake with obesity in Korean adults. Methods: This study used Dietary intake and Health data on 22,321 subjects aged 30 years and over from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010~2014. Information on dietary intake was obtained by the one day 24-hour recall method in KNHANES, and sodium intake was classified into five groups (< 2,000 mg, 2,000~4,000 mg, 4,000~6,000 mg, 6,000~8,000 mg, ≥ 8,000 mg). Obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) higher than 25 kg/m 2 . Intake of sodium and obesity status were analyzed by logistic regression with SPSS Statistics 23. Results: Men tended to have a higher sodium intake than women (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, year, daily energy intake, education level, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, and chronic diseases and comparing the highest sodium intake group (≥ 8,000 mg) with the lowest intake group (< 2,000 mg), the OR of obesity was 1.351 (95% CI: 1.032~1.767) in men. The OR of obesity in the sodium intake group (4,000~6,000 mg) was 1.232 (95% CI: 1.063~1.427) in women. Conclusion: Our findings suggest an independent relationship between sodium intake and as increased risk of obesity in Korean adults, implying the necessity for future research on low-sodium diet intervention in relation to obesity.

Examination Survey, KNHANES)의 결과를 보면 만 19세 이상 성인 전체 비만 유병률이 30% 이상을 유지하고 있는 데, 6 이는 최근 2013~2014년 미국 국민건강영양조사 (National Health and Nutrition Survey, NHANES)에서 산 출된 성인의 비만 유병률 37.9%와 차이가 크지 않다. 7 따 라서, 우리나라에서도 비만율 감소를 위해 개인을 넘어 국 가적 차원의 예방과 관리의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 비만은 유전적 요인 8,9 과 스트레스, 10 신체활동의 부족, 과도한 음주, 흡연 11 등 생활 습관을 포함한 다양한 환경적 요인들에 의해 유발된다. 그 중에서도 지방, 당, 나트륨 등 식이요인과 비만과의 관련성에 대한 연구가 최근 많이 진 행되고 있다. 12-14 특히 식이요인 중 고나트륨 섭취와 비만 ABSTRACTPurpose: Excess sodium intake may contribute to the etiology of hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a daily sodium intake of less than 2 g. The aim of this study was to estimate the association of sodium intake with obesity in Korean adults. Methods: This study used Dietary intake and Health data on 22,321 subjects aged 30 years and over from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010~2014. Information on dietary intake was obtained by the one day 24-hour recall method in KNHANES, and sodium intake was classified into five groups (< 2,000 mg, 2,000~4,000 mg, 4,000~6,000 mg, 6,000~8,000 mg, ≥ 8,000 mg). Obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) higher than 25 kg/m 2 . Intake of sodium and obesity status were analyzed by logistic regression with SPSS Statistics 23. Results: Men tended to have a higher sodium intake than women (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, year, daily energy intake, education level, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, and chronic diseases and comparing the highest sodium intake group (≥ 8,000 mg) with the lowest intake group (< 2,000 mg), the OR of obesity was 1.351 (95% CI: 1.032~1.767) in men. The OR of obesity in the sodium intake group (4,000~6,000 mg) was 1.232 (95% CI: 1.063~1.427) in women. Conclusion: Our findings suggest an independent relationship between sodium intake and as increased risk of obesity in Korean adults, implying the necessity for future research on low-sodium diet intervention in relation to obesity. 50 (1): 64 ~ 73 / 65 과의 상관성이 국내외 연구를 통해 증명되고 있다. 영국에 서 소아와 성인 모두를 대상으로 한 연구에서는 24시간 소 변 나트륨 배설량이 높은군이 낮은군보다 과체중 또는 비 만이 될 위험성이 각각 28%, 26% 증가하였고, 15 그 외 많 은 국외연구에서 체질량지수와 나트륨 섭취량과의 유의 한 양의 관련성이 있었다. 16-18 한국인을 대상으로 한 연구 에서도 1일 나트륨 섭취량이 많으면 과체중이 될 위험성이 증가하였고, 체질량지수, 허리둘레, CT복부 및 내장 지방 량을 포함하는 비만관련 위험지표와 나트륩 섭취량과의 양의 상관성에 대해서도 살펴본 연구결과들이 있었다. 19-21 이처럼 고나트륨 섭취와 비만과의 관련성에 대한 국내 통계분석 국민건강영양조사는 층화를 통한 표본조사 자료이므로, 분석과정에서 층화변수, 가중치를 고려하였다. IBM SPSS Statistic 23 (IBM Inc., New York, NY, USA)를 이용하여 분석된 자료는 개인이 우리나라 전체 인구를 대표할 수 있 도록 영양·검진조사 가중치를 이용하였으며, 2010년~2014 년 자료를 통합하여 분석하였기 때문에 연도별 조사구수 비율을 곱하여 통합가중치를 산출하여 사용하였다. 연구 대상자의 신체계측치, 만성질환의 유무, 건강관련습관 등 본 연구에서 사용된 변수들의 차이에 대하여 범주형 자료 는 교차분석 (Chi-square test)를, 연속형 자료는 일반선형 모델 (general linear model)의 t-test를 실시하여 성별에 따 른 차이를 살펴보았다. 나트륨 섭취와 비만 유병 위험 교차 비 (odds ratio, OR)과 95% 신뢰구간 (confidence interval, CI)은 로지스틱 회귀분석 (logistic regression)을 이용하여 산출하였으며 모든 분석의 유의성은 p < 0.05 수준으로 하 였다. 이 때, 영향을 미칠 수 있는 교란변수들을 보정하지 않을 때와 성별, 연령, 교육수준, 연도, 총 에너지밀도, 만성 질환 유무 (고혈압, 당뇨병, 뇌졸중, 심근경색 및 협심증, 고 콜레스테...