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We investigated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) passivation of solution-processed indium zinc oxide (IZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). PMMA provides solution-processability and good barrier characteristics against environmental elements such as water and oxygen. The PMMA passivation layers protect the IZO active layer of the TFTs without deteriorating their performance during gate bias stress measurements under ambient conditions, and improve their electrical properties by decreasing leakage current. Moreover, the potential to safely manipulate IZO-TFTs after PMMA passivation was proven by realizing a simple n-channel resistive-load inverter. † (

Objectives This study aims to find out the common competencies required for Korean language career teachers who participated in the ‘Project to support the overseas practicum of Korean language pre-service teachers’ and to secure the validity of the competency group, name and definition. Methods We derived 21 competencies required for experienced teachers through in-depth interviews with four Korean language career teachers, content analysis, and literature review. In addition, the Delphi survey was conducted twice for 11 Korean language career teachers who participated in the ‘pre-service teacher practicum project’ to secure validity for competency groups, names, and definitions. Finally, we reflected experts’ advice to confirm the competencies of Korean language career teachers. Results Five competency groups and 19 competencies required for Korean language career teachers were derived. Among them, common competencies are three groups of ‘class preparation and management, teacher leadership, and self-development’, and 13 competencies specialized. Then, two groups specialized for the practicum project, ‘teacher training support, and project operation’ are related and six competencies were included. Conclusions It is meaningful that it was possible to contain rich and practical opinions of experienced teachers while collecting data in various ways and using a mixed analysis method to determine the competency of career teachers. The confirmed competencies can be used as primary factors for career teachers’ competency models and systematic capacity-building program development.

This study explores the ICT in education activity system of teachers in developing countries using the cultural-historical activity theory. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 teachers and education policymakers from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Cambodia, and Colombia, who participated in the KLIC(Korean e-Learning Improvement Cooperation) invitational training program. Our analysis identified six key components of the activity system and examined contradictions within and between these components. The study offers valuable insights into the perspectives of teachers and education policymakers in developing countries, contributing to the understanding of ICT in education. Future research can build upon this by analyzing the interaction between the activity systems of Korean and local teachers, providing a fresh perspective on evaluating international development cooperation projects.