BackgroundBoth prognoses and real demographic trends in developed countries point to the increasing proportion in the population of people above 65 years of age. One of important themes of care for seniors is the assessment of their quality of life. To evaluate the quality of life of seniors three types of tools can be used: general generic tools; generic tools used for the age group of elderly persons; specific tools to detect the quality of life of the elderly who are affected by specific diseases.MethodsThe second type of tool is represented by the OPQOL - 35 questionnaire (Older People’s Quality of Life Questionnaire), which was developed in the UK. It has 35 items and deals with 8 domains of quality of life. With the consent of the author the questionnaire was translated into Czech and verified in a group of 478 seniors aged 60 and above (40 % males, 60 % females). Unlike the British version, the Czech version has seven factors: 1 Role of belief, religion and culture; 2 Health; independence, active life; 3 Financial situation; 4 Family and safe environment; 5 Loneliness; 6 Satisfaction with life; 7 Positive approach to life.ResultsThe Czech version has a very good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha ranges from .726 to .905). It also has satisfactory validity. The results show that with increasing age and number of health problems the satisfaction of the elderly is declining in all seven domains. Conversely, the degree of autonomy in the way of living is positively associated with the satisfaction of seniors. Old people who live alone at home, are self-sufficient and do not need the help of others, are more satisfied with their quality of life than other seniors (i.e..those who are living with their children, in sheltered accommodation or in homes for the elderly). Single, married seniors and seniors with a partner are happier than the widowed ones.ConclusionsThe questionnaire gives good guidance for assessing the current state of the quality of life of seniors, changes in quality over time and for targeted interventions as well.

We developed the Short Maximization Inventory (SMI) by shortening the Maximization Inventory (Turner, Rim, Betz & Nygren, 2012) from 34 items to 15 items. Using the Item Response Theory framework, we identified and removed the items of the Maximization Inventory that contributed least to the performance of the original scale. The construct validity assessed for SMI is similar to the full MI and is in line with the predictions from the literature: the Satisficing subscale is positively related to the indices of well-being, while the Decision Difficulty and Alternative Search subscales are negatively related to well-being. The new scale retains the good psychometric properties of the original scale. Furthermore, its brevity allows researchers to use the scale in studies in which maximization is not the primary focus. Although the SMI lacks the "High Standards" subscale, as did the original MI, we believe that SMI is a step towards developing a reliable and conceptually sound measure of maximizing that can be used in various research designs.

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Pro uskutečnění kvalitního diagnostického závěru je vždy nezbytné nějakým způsobem zvážit chybu měření. To lze provést řadou způsobů, ty však zpravidla nepatří do běžného repertoáru dovedností psychologa-diagnostika a konkrétní návod není součástí valné většiny metod používaných v České republice. Ovšem i v testech, kde jsou potřebné informace uvedeny, bývají některé údaje spočítány chybným či přinejmenším problematickým způsobem. Kritika těchto používaných postupů se navíc objevuje dlouhodobě (např. Dudek, 1979).Konkrétních postupů vyjádření nejistoty měření bylo vyvinuto značné množství. Tento článek popisuje postupy založené na klasické testové teorii, tedy zejména tzv. "regresní model klasické testové teorie" v podobě publikované např. Lordem a Novickem (1968), které se ale v obdobné podobě objevují ve většině zahraničních psychometrických i psychodiagnostických učebnic až do současnosti.Tento článek proto nepřináší žádné zásadní nové informace, přesto však celá řada postupů popisovaných níže není dle našich zkušeností v České republice příliš rozšířená.