A subzygomatic arch depression creates a bulky face outline. To smoothen these depressions and correct facial contours, hyaluronic acid filler injection methods are frequently used. However, the complexity of the subzygomatic region make it difficult for practitioners to effectively volume the region. The conventional injection of single layer injection has limitations of lack in volume addition and unwanted undulations and spreading. The anatomical factors were reviewed with ultrasonography, three‐dimensional photogrammetric analysis, and cadaver dissection. In this anatomical study, the present knowledge on localizing filler injection with a more precisely demarcated dual‐plane injection was suggested. This study presents novel anatomical findings related to the injection of hyaluronic acid filler injection in the subzygomatic arch depression.

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: In this study, we used a stochastic approach for guaranteeing the reliability and robustness of the performance with regard to the design of polymer components, while taking into consideration the degradation properties and operating conditions in automobiles. Creep and tensile tests were performed for obtaining degradation properties. The Prony series, which described the viscoelastic models, were calculated to use the creep data by the Maxwell fluid model. We obtained the stress data from the frequency response analysis of the polymer components while considering the degradation properties. Limit state functions are generated by using these data. Reliability assessments are conducted under the variation of the degradation properties and area of frequency at peak response. For this study, the input parameters are assumed to be a normal distribution, and the reliability under the yield stress criteria is evaluated by using the Monte Carlo Simulation. As a result, the reliabilities, according to the three types of polymer materials in automotive components, are compared to each other and suggested the applicable possibility of polymeric materials in automobiles.

he deep temporal fascia (DTF) is a dense aponeurotic layer that covers the temporalis muscle, which is found on the lateral side of the head. 1 It originates from the superior temporal line and descends as a single layer. Approximately at the level of the superior orbital rim, the DTF is divided into superficial and deep layers reaching the lateral and medial borders of the upper surface of the zygomatic arch, respectively. 1,2 Clinically, the DTF provides anchoring during thread lifting, which is a minimally invasive face-lifting procedure. [3][4][5] Surgical midface-and forehead-lifting procedures assisted by endoscopy are usually performed through dual-plane or whole-layer lifting. 6 However, for many surgeons, the anatomy of the perizygomatic arch remains unclear and challenging; most surgeons perform only a subcutaneous layer thread lift. 6 The invasive face-lift procedure has advantages such as the quality and longevity of improvement 7 ; however, it has several potential complications, such as a long postoperative recovery time, scarring, and hematoma. 8,9 Thus, minimally invasive facial rejuvenation Background: The deep temporal fascia provides anchoring during thread lifting, which is a minimally invasive face-lifting procedure. However, anatomical studies involving the deep temporal fascia in addition to effective and safe thread-lifting procedures are scarce. The authors clarified the anatomy of the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia and its surrounding structure using ultrasonography, histologic sections, and cadaveric dissection to propose an effective thread-lifting procedure guideline. Methods: The authors included 20 healthy young participants from the Republic of Korea. Real-time, two-dimensional, B-mode ultrasonography was performed. Longitudinal scanning was performed along three vertical lines: the line passing through the jugale, the anterior margin of the condylar process of the mandible, and the midpoint between the jugale and anterior margin of the condylar process. Histologic samples from three fresh adult cadavers were harvested from 2.5 cm above and below the zygomatic arch. Eighteen fresh adult hemifaces of cadavers from the Republic of Korea (six men and three women, aged 67.3 ± 7.2 years) were used to confirm the morphology of the deep temporal fascia. Results: The superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia crossed the zygomatic arch and was connected to the origin of the zygomaticus major muscle at the line passing through the jugale. The superficial layer continued inferiorly to the parotidomasseteric fascia at the line passing through the midpoint and condylar process of the mandible. Conclusion:This study yielded the novel anatomy of the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia, and this anatomical structure may be used for an ideal thread-lifting procedure.

Teeth that are resistant to external stimuli and have little diversity for individuals can be an important identification factor. This study aimed to present a method that can be used easily and accurately to identify individuals using their teeth, specifically to determine their sex.In this study, all teeth were extracted from 166 cadavers and, from these teeth, the crown length, mesiodistal width, and buccolingual width were measured using a digital caliper. The measurements were then analyzed using SPSS and MATLAB software.First, tooth crown morphology was compared between males and females. Regression analysis was performed for each measurement separately for both males and females. Finally, each linear discriminant was calculated from the measurements of all tooth crowns to confirm accuracy.Since teeth began to be used for individual identification, most methods required various types of teeth and measurements for sex determination, even if high accuracy was presented. Considering these limitations, sex determinants were derived from all teeth, suggesting that an easy and objective way could be derived to determine sex, even in a limited situation where all teeth could not be used.