power requirements. [1][2][3] The mechanical energy present in the waves and tides of the ocean can be harnessed and utilized by advanced technologies. [4][5][6] Unquestionably, the employment and harvest of ocean energy are increasingly considered a vital solution to the critical energy shortage. [7][8][9] Capturing large-scale wave energy will eventually lead to modifying the world's energy structure to end the energy crisis. [10][11][12] Ocean energy sources are being explored to provide large-scale electricity, typically over a few watts, to meet the energy demands of commercial and residential areas that face power shortages. [13][14][15] In parallel, there is a growing interest in energy harvesting technologies that can generate small amounts of power from nanowatts to milliwatts to replace conventional batteries in portable and wearable electronics. Renewable energy-based self-powered systems have progressed remarkably over the last decade. [16][17][18] The current method of ocean energy harvesting is based on electromagnetic generators (EMGs) or triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). [19,20] The TENGs can be an alternative power unit as they can convert various energy vibrations from the ocean into electrical output. [21,22] TENGs often produce a high voltageThe ocean holds vast potential as a renewable energy source, but harnessing its power has been challenging due to low-frequency and high-amplitude stimulation. However, hybrid nanogenerators (HNGs) offer a promising solution to convert ocean energy into usable power efficiently. With their high sensitivity and flexible design, HNGs are ideal for low-frequency environments and remote ocean regions. Combining triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and electromagnetic nanogenerators (EMGs) creates a unique hybrid system that maximizes energy harvesting. Ultimately, hybrid energy-harvesting systems offer a sustainable and reliable solution for growing energy needs. This study provides an in-depth review of the latest research on ocean energy harvesting by hybrid systems, focusing on self-powered applications. The article also discusses primary hybrid designs for devices, powering self-powered units such as wireless communication systems, climate monitoring systems, and buoys as applications. The potential of HNGs is enormous, and with rapid advancements in research and fabrication, these systems are poised to revolutionize ocean energy harvesting. It outlines the pros and cons of HNGs and highlights the major challenges that must be overcome. Finally, future outlooks for hybrid energy harvesters are also discussed.

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Histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibition is now well established as a new approach for solid and hematological tumor therapy. Studies with different HDAC inhibitors showed broad activity toward cancer cells, i.e. activation of proapoptotic pathway and inhibition of antiapoptotic pathway, induction of cell differentiation, antiangiogenic activity and synergism with other cancer therapeutics. Several HDAC inhibitors have demonstrated therapeutic benefits and are under clinical investigations as mono- or combi-therapy in various cancer cell lines such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with SAHA launched in 2006. Highly water-soluble CKD-581 is a potent and novel pan HDAC inhibitor developed in our institute. In this study, we analyzed first the in vitro growth inhibitory effect of CKD-581 on various cancer cells by MTT assay and inhibition of HDAC enzymes as well as its antitumor efficacy in human colon, prostate, and lung xenograft models. In addition, western blotting analysis for acH3, acH4 and p21 (WAF-1/CIP-1) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis were performed to verify the associated molecular mechanisms involved in CKD-581 mediated cell death and cell cycle progression. CKD-581 showed strong cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines including HCT-116, PC-3, A549 and H460 with IC50 values ranging from 10 nM to 100 nM. Its cytotoxicity was closely related with potent inhibitory activity against human HDAC1 and HDAC6 enzymes at single nMs. In various cancer cell lines, CKD-581 induced acetylation of histone and expression of tumor suppressor proteins involved in apoptosis pathway. CKD-581 significantly inhibited the in vivo growth of human tumor xenografts (HCT-116, PC-3, A549 and H460) in nude mice in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of CKD-581 (60, 80, 100 mg/kg, b.i.wk, i.p.) caused 50-70% reduction in the mean tumor volume compared with controls. It is of note to observe that CKD-581 was highly efficacious when orally administered to nude mice bearing HCT 116. To correlate the pharmacodynamics with pharmacokinetics of CKD-581 in nude mice (HCT-116), we analyzed the kinetics of histone acetylation in tumors and plasma drug exposure at the end of 3 weeks of treatment (80 mg/kg, b.i.wk, i.p.), where Tmax of CKD-581 in tumor and in plasma were 4 h and 0.25 h after dosing, respectively and AUClast in tumor was 2.6 times higher than that of in plasma. CKD-581 is a potent HDAC inhibitor and showed a strong cytotoxicity against many cancer cell lines, demonstrated through the various in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, significant antitumor efficacy was shown in nude mice bearing several human tumors. Its potency together with excellent pharmacokinetic properties warrants further clinical investigations of CKD-581. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5435.

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