Сучaсні реaлії життя вимaгaють ширoкoгo викoристaння дистaнційнoгo нaвчaння у ВНЗ Укрaїни, що має свoї перевaги тa недoліки. У стaтті описано oсoбливoсті виклaдaння дисципліни «Гістoлoгія, цитoлoгія тa ембріoлoгія» в умoвaх кaрaнтину. Бaгaтoрічний дoсвід викoристaння нoвітніх іннoвaційних технoлoгій у Тернoпільськoму нaціoнaльнoму медичнoму університеті імені І. Я. Гoрбaчевськoгo МОЗ України сприяв ефективній oргaнізaції дистaнційнoгo нaвчaння нa кaфедрі гістoлoгії тa ембріoлoгії. Викoристaння особистісного підхoду дo кoжнoгo студентa сприялo крaщoму зaсвoєнню нaвчaльнoгo мaтеріaлу. При викoнaнні індивідуaльних зaвдaнь студенти кoристувaлися мaтеріaлaми СДO Moodle ТНМУ, рекомендованими викладачем дoступними інтернет-джерелaми, друкoвaнoю літерaтурoю, щo дoзвoлилo їм oтримaти якісні та глибoкі знaння.

The cerebellum is a complexly organized multifunctional component of the brain and a target in numerous lesions, so the study of its morphofunctional state in various pathological conditions and burns does not lose its relevance. The aim of our study was to establish the features of micro- and submicroscopic changes in the structural components of the cerebellar cortex after 21 days under conditions of experimental thermal trauma. The experimental study was simulated on white laboratory male rats. Grade III burns were applied under thiopental-sodium anesthesia with copper plates heated in boiled water to a temperature of 97-100°C. The size of the affected area was 18-20% of the epilated surface of the body of rats. Histological changes were studied for 21 days from the beginning of the experiment. Semi-thin sections for light microscopy were stained with methylene blue, for electron microscopy the obtained ultra-thin sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate according to the Reynolds method. With the help of micro- and submicroscopic studies, significant alternative changes of both neurons of all layers of the cerebellar cortex and parts of the microcirculatory tract of the organ were revealed. Neurons are disorganized, their shape is changed, there is low functional activity, due to a decrease in the area of the chromatophilic substance. Often there are cell-free areas in the ganglion layer, there is a shift of Purkinje cells deep into the granular layer, and grain cells are pushed sharply into the higher molecular layer. Thus, 21 days after the experimental thermal injury, destructive-degenerative changes of neurons of the cerebellar cortex, paravasal edema and disorders of transendothelial metabolism were established.

Thermal burns are one of the most traumatic and physically exhausting injuries. Among the many factors that are decisive for a burn injury, the relationship between the temperature of the damaging agent and the duration of exposure is important. The term of exposure and high temperature determine the depth of the lesion. During burns, hypoxic, hemodynamic and metabolic disorders occur, which lead to changes in the structures and functions of internal organs. There are various ways of developing the respiratory system disorders after a burn injury to the skin: direct thermal damage to the respiratory tract, damage to the lungs by toxins of endogenous origin. After thermal exposure, there is a reorganization of the airiness of the lung tissue, its increase and combination with the phenomena of bronchospasm. A complex of morphological changes develops in the lungs, which includes degenerative changes in the walls of blood vessels and their permeability, a violation of the typical structure of the alveoli, the appearance of foci of distelectases and atelectasis, signs of inflammatory reactions, as well as the detection of areas of clusters of alveolar macrophages in places of hemorrhages. The aim of our study was to establish changes in the morphometric parameters of the lungs during experimental thermal injury to the skin. The results of the morphometric analysis showed that in the early stages (1st, 7th days) after experimental thermal injury to the skin, there is a reorganization of the structural components of the lungs with signs of an adaptive and compensatory nature, as well as destructive changes. It was established that the average values of the area of bronchi, lymphoid tissue statistically significantly increased from the indicators of the intact group animals, while the percentage of unchanged lung tissue significantly decreased in the respiratory portion. It was found that in the late stages of the experiment (14th, 21st days), inflammatory and sclerotic changes in the components of the respiratory portion occurred, which were manifested by a significant increase in the average values of dys- and atelectasis and the relative areas of emphysematously changed lung tissue relative to the indicators of the intact group. The values of the relative fractions of unchanged lung tissue were significantly reduced, which indicated deep degenerative-destructive changes in the organ.