Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the need to conduct a scientifically sound analysis of the quality of life of the population of the country, improve the standard of living of citizens through the implementation of measures developed by government bodies, including medical and preventive work. Purpose. The main purpose of this study was a hygienic assessment and identification of the differences in the quality of life of the urban and rural populations in terms of physical and psychological well-being, determining the level of indicators of the general health of the population of working age. Materials and methods. To assess the quality of life in this study, the questionnaire «SF-36 Health Status Survey» was used. The authors found that the quality of life of rural residents is lower than that of urban residents. This difference was especially visible in indicators that are directly dependent on the emotional and physical state of a person. Results. Hygienic assessment of the quality of life of the population in terms of physical and psychological well-being allowed the authors to identify several differences in the assessment of the quality of life of residents of urban and rural areas of Yaroslavl and the Yaroslavl region. Conclusions. The indicators of the general state of health of the rural population of working age, according to the authors, indicate insufficient access to medical care and a low level of literacy of the population in matters of maintaining and strengthening their own health, as well as medical activity, which inevitably follows from the lack of due attention to group and individual forms of hygienic education and training and measures of medical and preventive activities among the rural population. Therefore, solving the problem of access to medical and preventive care for the rural population should be an effective mechanism for improving the quality of life of this category of citizens.

The aim of the review is to analyze the prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly age group, the causes of its occurrence, and to present modern methods of prevention and physical rehabilitation. The study focuses on the relationship between exercise, training effects and physiological mechanisms, as well as the safety of various types of strength, anaerobic and multimodal training, which have a positive impact during the prevention and rehabilitation treatment of sarcopenia. Literature reviews, meta-analyses, and original studies are included that focus on older people in all settings, using validated assessment tools and methods. A literature search was conducted in four electronic databases – PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Springer, for the period from 2012 to June 30, 2022. There were no restrictions on the language bias of the publication. Search strategy. The keywords used to define the terms of participation in the review are “older/advanced age”, “sarcopenia” and “sarcopenic obesity”. Articles were included if they met the following criteria – cohorts with mean or median age ≥ 60 years and any of the following definitions of sarcopenia: European Working Group on Sarcopenia in the Elderly (EWGSOP), Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS), International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS). To ensure comparability of interventions, the review included studies that were conducted for at least 8 weeks, and the distribution of patients by study design was randomized. Also, articles involving hospitalized patients are excluded.

Население мира стремительно стареет. Этот процесс сопровождается определенными физиологическими изменениями. Одной из причин данных изменений является уменьшение мышечной массы и силы, что имеет место при саркопении. В настоящее время под термином «саркопения» подразумевается очень сложный гериатрический синдром, который снижает физические возможности людей пожилого возраста и увеличивает частоту травм и осложнений множества заболеваний, следствием чего является сокращение продолжительности жизни. Саркопения постепенно становится одним из основных гериатрических расстройств в связи с увеличением численности пожилого населения во всем мире. Проведен систематический обзор литературы, в котором рассмотрены основные аспекты эпидемиологии и патофизиологии саркопении. С учетом широкого спектра подходов к ее диагностике проанализированы критерии и факторы развития саркопении, позволяющие определить потерю мышечной массы, мышечной силы и физической работоспособности, а также общие риски развития саркопении среди людей пожилого возраста. Представлены данные наблюдений, подтверждающие прямую взаимосвязь между физической активностью и частотой проявления саркопении. Понимание многих факторов, влияющих на работу скелетных мышц, дает возможность сформировать системный подход к решению этой проблемы для определения стратегии профилактики и лечения саркопении. Ключевые слова: физическая реабилитация, саркопения, качество жизни, EWGSOP, мышечная масса, пожилой возраст, лечебная физкультура.

Abstract. With the beginning of the aging of the population, diseases associated with old age and senility have become a problem for public health worldwide. This process is accompanied by certain physiological changes. Sarcopenia is one of the causes of these changes and is defined as a clinical syndrome associated with age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, function and physical performance. Sarcopenia is officially recognized as a muscular disorder with the diagnostic code ICD‐10‐CM (M62.84) and is associated with various adverse outcomes, including falls, impaired mobility, weakness and death. The present study included 198 elderly male patients aged 61 to 75 years (average 68±3.27 years) suffering from sarcopenia. The patients were divided into groups I and II depending on the method of physical rehabilitation. Physical therapy classes were held for 12 weeks on the basis of the State Medical Institution of the Yaroslavl Regional Gerontological Center. The study participants voluntarily agreed to conduct a comprehensive medical and anthropological examination during 4 control sections, including antropometry, bioimpedance analysis, and hand dynamometry. Based on the data obtained, a computer program "Program for assessing the quality of rehabilitation in patients with progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and muscle strength" was created, and a protocol for the physical rehabilitation of elderly patients with sarcopenia was developed.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of stress resistance among students of the medical University. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of stress hygiene during higher education. Problems with academic performance create discomfort for the student and, of course, increase the overall stress. The purpose of the work is to study the specifics of the influence of certain factors on the overall picture of educational stress in students and their stress resistance. With the help of the methods «Test for learning stress», developed by Yu. V. For the distribution of students into groups depending on the number of academic debts and the "Self-assessment Test of stress resistance" by S. Cohen and G. Willianson, an analysis of the stress resistance of 92 students of the Medical Faculty of the Yaroslavl State Medical University was conducted. As a result of the current study, the main indicators that affect the manifestation of stress in students were identified, such as: workload during study, fear of the future, lack of self — discipline, as well as predictors (prolonged sleep, communication with family, a break in school) that affect its frequency and duration. It is established that the main causes of stress among students are: irregular meals, living away from family, as well as living in a hostel with other students, fear of the future. All this leads to the appearance of behavioral and biological indicators of the severity of stress, which students can reliably determine by depression, fear, anxiety, excitement, difficulty breathing in preparation for the session, as well as headaches and other pains, dry mouth when passing the exam. Based on the study, recommendations have been developed to increase the level of stress tolerance in medical university students.