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As long as human beings operate the ship, human factors always have a substantial contribution to ship operation success and failure. Thereby, a study related to human factors, especially about the officer on board, is essential to create better maritime transportation. This research proposed the semi-quantitative analysis to determine how human factors are involved in a ship-to-ship collision using a network theory perspective. The study was conducted by describing the dependency amongst human activities (officer onboard) during ship-ship encounters. The ship-to-ship encounters model has been done in an undirected graph consisting of nodes and arcs. Through the vertex performance rate, system performance could be evaluated. Hence this research aimed to define the weight evolution when the unintended action emerges in a node and distributes its weight to its couplings. In conclusion, the network model for ship-to-ship collision accidents can describe the weight spreading process among functions and how it affects system performance then causes an accident.

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Uncertainty in a complex socio-technical system, such as ship, is given. Yet, surprisingly, most of the ship operations were done without any significant problem. In this case, the ship officer as the operator plays an important role in maintaining ship safety. Human performance is unpredictable and varies on the condition. However, variation in human performance is more likely to produce acceptable outcomes than adverse outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine how human variability performance in specific officers onboard contributes to successful ship operation. Evaluation of officer variability performance for establishing safety in everyday ship operation has been done using Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) in this study. FRAM is Safety-II based tool that provides concepts and models for safety analysis that use terms called function to describe system activities. An essential feature of FRAM is the mean that is necessary to explain the activity of a system in which the functions are mutually dependent. System activities are modeled in terms of how the system works to ensure that it performs systematically. Key functions of officer activities onboard are generated through observation in training ship Fukae-maru owned by Kobe University. As a result, FRAM could define how officer variability performance contributes to system propagation and create a safe ship operation.