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Little is known and understood about ethics management or the development of formal, systematic, and goal-directed initiatives to improve ethics in the public relations workplace. This study found little ethics training and written guidelines in the public relations workplace. Organizational ethics initiatives are poorly communicated to practitioners and rely mostly on punitive restraints with little reward for ethical behavior. For many practitioners, ethics is not learned through workplace ethics initiatives but rather is mostly informed by external influences including personal values, family upbringing, and professional work experiences.The management of ethics in public relations has received scant attention, as the field continues to emphasize codes of ethics. Little is known about how public relations organizations manage ethics in everyday practice beyond what is glimpsed from self-laudatory reports and the crafting of codes as overt demonstrations of a commitment to ethics.In reality, most public relations organizations adopt a reactive approach to ethics contrary to the public relations wisdom of an anticipatory, proactive management approach. Sims (1992), who discussed the challenge of ethics management in organizations, noted: "The imperatives of day-to-day organizational performance are so compelling that there is little time or inclination to divert attention to the moral content of organizational decision-making. Morality appears Correspondence should be sent to Seow Ting Lee,

Research on the impact of antismoking advertisements in countermarketing cigarette advertising is equivocal. Although many studies examined how different message appeal types influence people's attitudes and behavior, there have been few studies that have explored the mechanism of how individuals attend to and remember antismoking information. This study examined how message attributes of antismoking TV ads (frame, appeal type, and outcome extremity) interacted to influence people's attention (secondary task reaction time) and memory (recognition). Antismoking public service announcements were chosen that were either loss- or gain-framed, had either a health or social appeal, or had either a more or less extreme outcome described in the message. Among the key findings were that loss-framed messages with more extreme outcomes required the most processing resources (i.e., had the slowest secondary task reaction times) and were the best remembered (i.e., were best recognized). These findings indicate ways that different message attributes affect individuals' cognitive processing, and they are discussed in light of prior framing and persuasion research.

Extending Benigni and Cameron (1999), this study provides a current review of teaching methods for the public relations campaigns course based on a national survey. In addition to offering up-to-date descriptions of h o w the campaigns course i s constructed and valued in public relations programs, this study analyzed what m a y be important factors that influence the course outcomes. Clients' satisfaction, implementation of plan books that are developed by students, and jobhnternship opportunities that students receive based on their performance in the campaigns course are all indicators for the effectiveness of teaching campaigns courses. Certain course features, client involvement in class, and clients' payment for services rendered also contribute to more positive course outcomes.