No abstract

Sex determination of a corpse can be problematic in cases where the body is damaged. Useful criteria would assist in the identification of sex in such cases. The goal of this study is to determine the usefulness of the external occipital protuberance (EOP) in the determination of sex, especially in lateral cranium radiographs. The types and configurations of the EOP were investigated on normal lateral cranium radiographs of 1000 subjects (500 males and 500 females) and 694 dry-skull remains (371 males and 323 females) from a 16th Century Anatolian population for the purpose of sex determination. In the radiographic examination, the incidence of less prominent (Type 1) EOP is found to be 85.4% in females whereas 17.8% in males. The spine type (Type 3) EOP is found to be 63.4% in males and to be 4.2% in females. On the other hand, studies of dryskull remains revealed the incidence of Type 1 EOP to be 67.5% in females and Type 3 EOP to be 55.2% in males. The crest type (Type 2) EOP is approximately equal in both sexes and is found to be less valuable for sex determination in both groups.

Supraarticular, supramastoid and suprameatal crests on the outer surface of the squamous part of the temporal bone are of clinical importance as they are accepted as landmarks for some surgical approaches relating to the temporomandibular joint, the middle cranial fossa and mastoid air cells, respectively. Because of the surgical importance of the crests, their incidence and the relations between them were studied on a total of 442 (250 male, 192 female) dry skulls. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) surface renderings of the squamous part of the temporal bone were created from routine axial computed tomographic (CT) images in four cadaver specimens to demonstrate the surface anatomy. Suprameatal crests were observed commonly as a trace type on the male dry skulls (51.2%), though no such crest was seen on most of the female skulls (54.4%). Supramastoid crests were commonly observed as a small crest on male dry skulls (46.6%), but as a trace type on female dry skulls (52.05%). Supraarticular crests were commonly seen as a trace type on both male (58.6%) and female (70.6%) dry skulls. In the light of the above data, it can be concluded that the crests on the male dry skulls were stronger than those on the female skulls. The angles between the crests were also examined. It was observed that the angle between the supraarticular and supramastoid crests was larger in male dry skulls compared with the female dry skulls. On the other hand, no gender difference was observed when the angle between the suprameatal and supraarticular crests was examined.

[Abstract in English is at the end of the manuscript] GİRİŞGünümüzde bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin hızla ilerlemesi, bilgiye nasıl ulaşılacağının öğretilmesi, kendi kendine öğrenme ve kişiye dayalı eğitim tekniklerine doğru bir yönelim içine girmiştir. Eğiticinin anlattığı ve öğrencinin dinlediği, öğrencinin ne kadar anladığının sorgulanmadığı, geri bildirimlerin alınmadığı eğitim sistemleri, yerini öğ-renci merkezli, en yeni görsel ve işitsel eğitim araçlarıyla zenginleştirilmiş ve öğrenciye bilgiye nasıl ulaşabileceğini gösteren bir yaklaşıma bırakmış bulunmaktadır.Normalde sağlam iki göz, üç boyutlu (3B) görmemizi sağlar. Ancak uzun yıllardan beri eğitimde kullanılan eği-tim gereçleri iki boyutlu (2B) görüntü sunmaktadır. Üçüncü boyutun algılanması, öğrenmeyi kolaylaştır-maktadır.1 Üç boyutlu görüntü, ancak özel gereçler ve özel gözlükler kullanılarak elde edilebilir. Bu yöntemler-den biri olan anaglif stereo yöntemin temeli, objenin 8°a çı verilerek fotoğrafının alınmasında yatmaktadır. Anaglif stereo tekniği, 2B görüntü kullanarak 3B görüntü elde etme yöntemidir.2 Elde edilen görüntüler anaglif yazılımlar yardımıyla birleştirilip, bir anaglif gözlük (mavikırmızı) yardımı ile bakıldığında gözlemcinin beyninin, resmi 3B olarak algılamasını sağlamaktır.

When compared to other peripheral organs of the body, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) differs from all of them. GIT has a comprehensive internal nervous system called enteric nervous system (ENS), which can control intestinal function, even if it is totally cut off from the central nervous system (CNS). [1] The ENS provides unique innervation of the intestine and is the most neurochemically diverse part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). [2] The ENS was described by British physiologist John Newport Langley as one of the three autonomic nervous system parts: parasympathetic nervous system, enteric nervous system and sympathetic nervous system. [3] More than 100 million efferent neurons that reach the intestines through the vagus nerve are present in human ENS. [4] Unlike the rest of the PNS, the complexity of managing bowel behavior is a privilege that evolution provides to the ENS, which has led to the ability to manifest complementary neuronal activity and to control gastrointestinal behavior independently of the brain or spinal cord. [5-7] The ENS has at least as many neurons as in the spinal cord but has more neurons than any other group of peripheral ganglia. Unique to PNS, the ENS is regulated in microcircuits with intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) and interneurons that are capable of initiating reflexes. The phenotypic diversity of enteric neurons is very wide and almost every class of neurotransmitters found in the CNS has been identified in the ENS. [6] Although the ENS can work independently from the CNS, it normally does not; CNS affects the enteric system and the intestine also sends information to the brain. Indeed, 90% of the vagal fibers between the intestine and the brain are afferent, suggesting that the brain is more recipient than a giver in brainintestinal communication. [6,8] ENS is located within the tubular digestive system walls, biliary system and pancreas. ENS has myenteric and submucosal plexuses, two ganglioned plexuses in the intestine, where almost all intrinsic nerve cells are present. [9] The myenteric plexus is located between the outer longi