-The main objective of this work was to assess the influence of temperature and pressure on the chemical characteristics of the essential oil obtained from CO 2 extraction of grape bagasses in the production of jam. The experiments were performed in a laboratory-scale unit, where the effect of temperature (290 and 303 K) and pressure (15 and 25 Mpa) was investigated in terms of liquid yield and chemical composition of the extracts. The CO 2 mass flow rate was kept within a range of 2.5 to 3.0 g/min. The instrumental analysis was performed by gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS). The extraction conditions investigated in this work had no significant influence on the mass of essencial oil extracted. The main compounds identified in the extracts by the GC-MS spectra library (match quality higher tan 90%) were octadecane, dihydroxy ergostene-dione and phenylethyl n-decanoate when the temperature was increased from 290 to 303 K. Heptanal, ethyl ester of decosonoic acid and hexatriacontane were the individual compounds with the greatest increase in the chromatographic peak area when the pressure was increased from 15 to 25 Mpa. The most important class of compounds were hydrocarbons at 303 K and 15 MPa and were ketones and aldehydes at 25 Mpa and 290 K.

Abstract:The main objective of the present study was to assess the influence of ethanol on the evaporation profile of xylenes (ortho + meta and para isomers) in active (with microorganisms) and inert (without microorganisms) soils. The vapors from four sealed flasks containing inert soil + neat xylenes, active soil + neat xylenes, inert soil + xylenes + ethanol and active soil + xylenes + ethanol were monitored during 20 days by Gas Chromatography using a Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID). No statistical differences were observed comparing the concentrations of the meta and para isomers in all samples. The differences among the average concentrations of meta, para and ortho isomers were relevant only in the active soil samples without ethanol (95% confidence interval). Ethanol may enhance the ortho isomer volatilization and delay the degradations of meta and para isomers.

INTRODUÇÃO:O suporte nutricional na COVID-19 auxilia no tratamento e no prognóstico dos pacientes. Os indivíduos acometidos com a COVID-19 podem evoluir para fases mais graves da doença, causando múltiplas complicações, que comprometem o estado nutricional. OBJETIVOS: Analisar o papel e a importância da nutrição na COVID-19. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura com busca na base de dados do PubMed, utilizando descritores em inglês: "COVID-19 and nutrition", "nutrition and support" e "nutrition screening" , combinados com o operador booleano "AND". No presente estudo, foram incluídos 10 artigos relacionados à temática, publicados nos últimos 2 anos em inglês. Foram excluídos estudos que não exploravam a temática. Sendo assim, selecionados 7 artigos para a realização desta revisão. RESULTADOS: Diante da gravidade da COVID-19 é recomendada a triagem e a avaliação nutricional precoce, dentro das primeiras 48 horas de internação, através do uso de ferramentas, como a Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002), que é um instrumento de identificação de risco nutricional em ambiente hospitalar. Na fase aguda da doença, sugere-se iniciar com um aporte calórico mais baixo entre 15 e 20 kcal/kg/dia, progredindo para 25 kcal/kg/dia após o quarto dia em pacientes em recuperação. A recomendação proteica fica em torno de 1,5 a 2,0 g/kg/dia. Já os lipídios não devem exceder 1,5 g/kg/dia. O uso de uma fórmula enteral com ômega 3, óleos de barragem e antioxidantes em pacientes com Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo (SDRA) não está indicado. A Síndrome de Realimentação é uma complicação que pode estar presente em indivíduos graves, onde há redução dos níveis séricos de fósforo, potássio e magnésio, sendo necessário iniciar com aproximadamente 25% do valor calórico total e a suplementação de tiamina pode ser considerada. CONCLUSÃO: O suporte nutricional em pacientes com COVID-19 é importante, e deve ser levado em consideração. A avaliação nutricional inicial, suporte nutricional e a identificação de complicações são pontos essenciais para um manejo nutricional eficiente e bom prognóstico nesta população.

In this work experiments were performed with vapor collection in columns to assess the evaporation profile of benzene from gasoline-ethanol blend fuels. The vapors from two columns simulating gasoline-contaminated soils (with and without ethanol) were monitored for 77 d. The instrumental analysis was performed by Gas Chromatography (GC) with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). Compound identification was based on the GC retention times of standard BTX (benzene, toluene and xylenes). The concentration of benzene in the vapor phase decreased by 89.09%, considering the entire experimental period, while the toluene and xylene concentrations were increased by 239.34 and 251.78%, respectively. These results suggest that the benzene evaporation behavior was affected by the interactions among ethanol and other aromatic compounds. These results are particularly important, since ethanol is an alternative to gasoline blends. Furthermore, benzene (a well known carcinogen) was retained in the liquid phase and, in this way, can reach the underground water sources. These findings can point out necessary changes in traditional risk models for soil spills that are based on compound concentrations in the environment.

In this work a simple gravimetric method was described for the study of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in wastewater samples from the inflow and outflow points of the sewage treatment plant (ETE) at the University of Caxias do Sul (UCS). The organic phase of the sample was precipitated by adding concentrated HCl. The precipitate was filtered in glass columns packed with treated cotton. After drying, the columns containing the precipitate were carefully weighted and extracted with n-hexane. After solvent evaporation, the organic extract was re-diluted and analyzed by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC/FID). The average rate of DEHP removal was 27.50%. The median DEHP concentration was 6.01 µg mL -1 at the outflow point. This DEHP concentration is well above the maximum concentration level reported in the literature.