Rearing of fish especially catfish is very common in many communities in Nigeria and the wastewater from these fish ponds are often discharged into the surrounding drains. Assessment of the bacteriological and physicochemical characteristics of ten freshwater fish ponds stocked with African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was conducted within Ilorin metropolis. The results of physicochemical properties of the water samples showed that the pH, total hardness, salinity, and suspended solid ranged from 6.77-8.43, 65-124 mg/l, 7.02-10.062 g/l, and 0.012-0.128g/100ml respectively. The bacterial count, total coliform, and faecal coliform count of the wastewater ranged from 4.0 x 10 3-6.7 x 10 5 cfu/ml, nil to 2 x 10 4 cfu/ml, and nil to 1 x 10 3 cfu/ml respectively. The bacterial species isolated from the ponds were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Chromobacterium sp, Micrococcus sp., Micrococcus kristinae, Providencia sp., and Listeria sp. The antibiotics susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates were determined using the disc method. All the isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). It can be concluded from this study that there is need to monitor the quality of wastewater from the fish ponds before being discharged into the environment since potential pathogens were isolated and most of these isolates were multiple antibiotic resistant. This study is of socioeconomic significance in the sense that while the farmers are able to raise their fish in the ponds and derive their livelihood, they are being cautioned on the need to treat their waste water before being discharged into the receiving water body.

The poultry feeds were obtained from 20 different poultry pens and their microbial contents were assessed. The antibiotics resistance patterns of the bacterial isolates were also determined. The bacterial count ranged from 5.0 × 103 to 1.76 × 106 cfu/g while the fungal count ranged from 3.5 × 104 to 1.9 × 105 cfu/g. The bacterial species isolated were Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus pyogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus varians, Micrococcus roseus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus hominis, while the fungal species isolated were Saccharomyces cerevisisae, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium sp., Humicola grisea, Aspergillus fumigatus, Hansenula sp. and Humicola fuscoatra. All the bacterial isolates were resistant to ceftazidime and cefuroxime and all the isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotics. Ofloxacin produced the highest zone of inhibition, followed by gentamicin, and then erythromycin. The presence of some pathogenic microorganisms in the poultry feeds revealed high level of contaminations. It is recommended that poultry feeds should be made from good quality grains and it should be prevented from environmental or other contamination.

Water samples collected from public tap supplies at densely populated areas within Ilorin metropolis were analyzed for potability and safety. The study covered a period of twenty-four months. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, colour, suspended solids and total hardness were determined. The pH of the samples ranged from 7.0 - 7.90 while the range for residual chlorine was 0.5 - 10 mg/l. The suspended solids and total hardness ranged from 0.79 - 46.0 mg/l and 7.0 - 34mg/l respectively. Turbidity of the samples ranged from 0 – 5 NTU, while the colour range was 0 - 5 HU and temperature range was 21 - 300C. The results show that only four (20%) of the twenty samples were potable and free from pathogens while Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. , Salmonella sp. , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigellla sp. and Enterobacter aerogenes were detected in sixteen (80%) of the samples. The viable total bacterial count ranged between 0.00 – 2.6 x 102 cfu/ml, total coliform count ranged from 0 – 75 MPN/100ml while faecal coliform count ranged from 0.00 – 2.3 x 102 cfu/ml. The presence of coliforms in the samples is indicative of faecal and non-faecal contamination along the supply network, which in some cases could be due to leaching from contaminated environment into corroded pipes along the distribution network used for conveying the treated water that passed through drainage system.

The resistance of bacteria to some antibiotics is rampant nowadays. One of the genera of bacteria that has shown resistance to notable antibiotics is Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, this study aimed at isolation of S. aureus from the soils and wooden table surfaces in some abattoirs within Ilorin, Nigeria. The objectives of this study were to determine the counts of heterotrophic bacteria in the soils and wooden table surfaces at some abattoirs in Ilorin, Nigeria; characterize and identify the S. aureus isolates; determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates; and detect the presence of spa, mecA, and mecC in the isolates. The counts of viable bacteria and S. aureus, antibiotic susceptibility as well as the physicochemical characteristics were determined using standard methods. The heterotrophic bacterial counts of the soils and wooden table surfaces ranged from 1.0 x 105 – 3.4 x 107 and 2.1 x 105 – 1.0 x 108 cfu/g respectively. In addition, the counts of S. aureus in the soils and wooden table surfaces ranged from 1.0 x 103 – 3.0 x 107 and 1.0 x 103 – 3.1 x 106 cfu/g respectively. The S. aureus isolates were positive for Gram staining, catalase, oxidase, mannitol fermentation and coagulase test. All the S. aureus were resistant to ampicillin, and ceftazidime, followed by augmentin (82%), vancomycin, cefuroxime, and nitrofurantoin (55% each); gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (36%) and ofloxacin (18%). None of the isolates possess mecA gene while mecC and spa genes were detected in 45.5 and 54.5% of the isolates respectively. This is the first study in which mecC gene was detected in any S. aureus in Nigeria. It is concluded from this study that the soils and wooden table surfaces from the abattoirs harboured S. aureus some of which possessed mecC for antibiotic resistance and the virulent factor, spa genes.

The emergence of resistance to antibiotics in microorganisms has been a matter of public health concern. This resistance could be caused by mutation, acquisition of extra genetic materials and indiscriminate or persistent use of antibiotics which has rendered these therapeutic agents less effective and less Potent. To overcome this therapeutic challenge several Phytochemicals have been reported to possess significant antibiotics properties that could serve at alternative therapy as against synthetic agents. This review is focused on reporting the various investigation relating to Phytochemicals as potential therapy against antibiotics resistance.