Cored wires are used in numerous welding processes with or without external gas or flux shielding. Submerged arc welding (SAW) with cored wires, seamed or seamless, for joining mild and low alloyed steel grades is a technique that has demonstrated clear advantages during the three last decades. Ever since its invention, the SAW process has evolved with one main goal: to combine quality with productivity. With low alloy wires, the benefits have already been clearly demonstrated and widely exploited. However, little has been written on SAW and cladding with cored wires for corrosion or heat resisting applications. Its extension to high alloy compositions brings corresponding benefits and adds some specific and unique features. This paper focuses on consumable specificities and on the quality and productivity features of SAW with CRA (corrosion resistant alloy) cored wires. It describes the potential as well as the limitations of this technique. Cored wires are now used for submerged arc welding of almost all stainless steels ranging from soft martensitic to super-duplex, and for a series of nickel base compositions as well as for cladding cobalt base alloys. Examples of industrial applications with austenitic, duplex, martensitic and heat resisting stainless steels are given to illustrate the potential of the cored wire solution. 13 Ref., 4 Tables , 25 Figures.
Purpose: To determine the temperature conditions of sulphur and phosphorus moving to
sample surface for alloys with different initial sulphur content.
Design/methodology/approach: Investigation of samples from In 690, Kh20N16AG6,
In52MSS alloys in Auger spectrometer JAMP-9500F for determination of the probability of
saturation of the free surface (as grain boundary model) with sulphur from the solid solution.
Results obtained without removing the samples from the chamber, stage-by-stage heating
up to 800°C with determination of element content every 100°C.
Findings: It is shown that sulphur has the tendency of diffusing to the interface from the
middle of the grain body and forming segregations in the form of a monolayer even at its
slight (0.00015 wt.%) content in the alloy.
Research limitations/implications: Presence of actively diffusing impurities (C, O, H,
S, P), dissolved in the metal, in the case of a gradient of temperatures and stresses, leads
to redistribution of these impurities between the solid solution and surface of the sample,
or solid solution and grain boundaries (interface). According to the obtained data, change
of elemental composition proceeds within 0.5-1 nm from the grain boundary or from the
sample surface and leads to formation of monolayers.
Practical implications: To prevent the formation of cracks it is necessary not only to
reduce the content of impurity elements in the alloy, but to prevent moving them to the
boundary of grains and creating mono layers.
Originality/value: For the selected alloys, the formation of monolayers is the most
intensive at temperatures of 700-800° that coincides with DTR in the temperature range of
0.6-0.8 Ts. Such monolayers can lead to ductility dip cracks formation.
heat-resistant nickel alloys, single crystals, welded structures of complex geometry, electron beam welding, all-welded folded blades, gas turbines monowheel 'bling', conditions for the formation of a single crystal structure, electron backscattering diffraction.
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