There is a general consensus across the world that children are entitled to a myriad of rights which government and other stakeholders must promote and protect. The rights to life, education, survival and development, sustainable and affordable medical care and prevention of communicable diseases, clean environment and water, amongst others are legally safeguarded in international and regional legal instruments as well as municipal laws of various countries. Under these instruments and laws, government is under obligation to adopt measures-legal, administrative, policy, and others to ensure the realization of rights by children. One way through which children can realize their rights is access to modern and affordable energy. With specific reference to Nigeria, Ghana, and Togo, this chapter examines the concept of sustainable energy and the need for improved access to modern energy services, in relation to its role in the fulfilment of rights that accrue to children.

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Trafficking in Human Beings (THB) is a heinous crime that is committed against human (person) with intent to exploit. There are several constituent elements that are integral parts that make the act of trafficking a crime. These include, among others, the inhuman nature of transportation, the enslavement and the exploitation associated with the practices. This paper examines the specific elements of transportation, enslavement and exploitation in THB. Choice of these elements for discourse is occasioned by the crucial roles they play in the crime of THB, and the fact that they combine with other elements to provide the physical and mental elements that make the conduct a crime under international and Nigeria municipal laws. For a critical analysis of these three key elements, several and relevant materials were consulted, including the two main national statutes on TBH (Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act. (2015) and Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Enforcement and Administration Act (TIPPEAA) 2015), and the UN Convention, protocols and policies against human trafficking. From the critical examination and the analysis, it was established that the three key elements still remain critical to the sustainability of THB in Nigeria and globally. Therefore, suggestions and recommendations are proffered to focus on dismantling these strongholds to reduce the prevalence of Trafficking in human beings at all levels.

Across the globe, and on daily basis, children are confronted with various forms of violence, which the international community strives to address, albeit unsuccessfully. The aim of this paper is to evaluate international and Nigeria's efforts towards child protection using the instrumentality of the law; interrogate the effectiveness or otherwise of the international and Nigeria's legal framework for child protection; and make overarching recommendations on how to achieve effective child's rights protection. This is against the backdrop of increased child trafficking, and various forms of violence against children despite the existence of municipal laws and international legal instruments (International Office for Migration (IOM), 2019). The research is basically socio-legal and multidisciplinary in nature; hence the methodology, i.e. the doctrinal method, adopted reflects this. The research relies largely on both legal and non-legal documents, which are subjected to evaluation, interpretation, description, and systematization. These processes culminated in the findings that although efforts-legal and non-legal, towards child protection are being made, children remain in a precarious situation globally, particularly Nigeria; and that failure of child protection efforts arises from several factors that continue to enhance child vulnerabilities. It is on the basis of these findings that the research proffers recommendations that can contribute to the ongoing processes leading to the adoption of effective measures and programmes that will address the challenges facing the international community and Nigeria in tackling child's rights violations.

The question of the effectiveness of the Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) regimes of countries in West Africa in tackling crime, specifically Money Laundering (ML) and Terrorist Financing (TF), is one of the most crucial aspects of any discourse around these issues. Presently, most discourses have primarily focused on describing the phenomena of money laundering, terrorist financing, and the structure of individual regimes to combat them. The aim of this paper is to expand the discourse further by assessing those regimes holistically, starting with examining the concepts of ML and TF and the efforts of the West African sub-region to counter these crimes. In particular, the paper focuses on the contributions of the Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa (GIABA) towards establishing an effective AML/CFT regime in the west African sub-region. The paper X-rays intermediate AML/CFT measures that GIABA has helped States-within the precincts of its mandate to adopt and implement; and the methodologies it adopts in working with States to achieve an effective AML/CFT regimes. The paper makes overarching recommendations towards strengthening the AML/CFT efforts in West Africa concerning several identified challenges militating against the overall success of these efforts. The methodology adopted in this research is the desk top or secondary research, as it relied on already existing data. Using the content analysis approach, existing data is collated and summarised for effectiveness How to cite this paper: Ifeakandu, I. O., & Ardzard, H. (2022).