The recent shocks in supply and demand in the world are not due to unexpected economic reasons; in fact, they are related to Covid-19 that causes rapidly spreading global health problems and life threats around the world. While the global powers are dealing with the social problems created by Covid-19 pandemic, they should not neglect the economic changes created by this pandemic. The most important of these economic changes in developing countries with high fragility is exchange rates, because exchange rates can directly affect many macroeconomic variables, from inflation to foreign trade, from the balance of payments to interests. In countries with high fragility due to the effect of pandemic, economic uncertainty causes fluctuations in the exchange rate. Is the reason for the change in the exchange rate, the number of cases or economic risks that may occur due to possible health problems?In this study, the impact of the number of new cases and the number of new deaths for the process of Covid-19 pandemic on the exchange rate in Turkey is examined. The daily data consider the number of new cases, the number of new deaths and exchange rate for the period of 16.03.2020–06.05.2020. The first step of the analysis, the stationary of the series is tested by Lee and Strazicich (2003) unıt root test which allowed structural break. Hatemi-J (2008) Cointegration Test that allow two structural breaks and Hacker-Hatemi-J Bootstrap causality test are used in the analysis. In the results of the Hatemi- J (2008) cointegration test, there is a medium and long-term relationship, with under structural breaks between the number of new cases and the number of new deaths and the exchange rate. According to the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the number of new cases and the number of new deaths have a significant effect on the exchange rate, causing uncertainty in the economy.JEL Classification: I19, F31, C22
İnsanlık tarihi boyunca alışverişte farklı yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Trampa ya da diğer adıyla takas ile başlayan alışveriş işlemleri, ihtiyaçların değişmesi ve teknolojinin sunduğu imkânlarla çok farklı boyutlarda yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Alışveriş işlemlerinde para, kredi kartı, online ödeme, sanal kartlar, mobil ödeme gibi çeşitli yöntemler ile devam eden bu süreç günümüzde dijital para birimlerine kadar ulaşmıştır. Dijital paralar, genellikle geliştiricileri tarafından ihraç edilmektedir ve yine bu geliştiricilerce kontrol edilmektedir. Dijital paralar, herhangi bir kanuna tabi olmayıp belli bir sanal ortamın üyeleri tarafından kullanılmaktadır. 2008 yılında Satoshi Nakamoto takma isimli kişi ya da kişiler tarafından yayınlanan bir makale ile ortaya çıkan Bitcoin, bilinen ilk dijital paradır. Bitcoin, herhangi bir finansal aracı olma
In this paper, we test the dynamic symmetric and asymmetric causality relationship between the ecological footprint and trade openness in G7 countries by suggesting a new bootstrap panel causality test based on seemingly unrelated regressions. We analyzed the time-varying behavior of the symmetric and asymmetric panel causality relationship test to reveal the instabilities in the causality relationships. The obtained results suggest a relationship between the trade openness and ecological footprint in some years of the analysis period and between the negative and positive shocks.
ÖzÜretimsel ve yönetimsel alanda gerçekleştirilen tüm yenilikçi faaliyetler literatürde inovasyon olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İnovasyon genel olarak yeni ürün ve üretim süreçlerinin ortaya çıkartılmasıyla veya mevcut olanların iyileştirilmesiyle iktisadi fayda yaratılması anlamına gelmektedir. İnovatif faaliyetler, işletmenin üretim, dağıtım, tasarım ve pazarlama yöntemleri gibi birçok alanında görülebildiği için ihracata da etkisi olmaktadır. Çalışmada, inovasyonun ihracat performansına etkisi analiz edilmektedir. Analiz edilen sektör tekstil olup veriler Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde ki tekstil ihracatı yapan 207 firma üzerinden anket yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Yöntem olarak yatay kesit analizinin kullanıldığı çalışmada bağımlı değişken olarak firmaların ihracat miktarı alınırken, bağımsız değişken olarak ise inovasyonun belirleyicilerinden ar-ge, patent, çalışan sayısı, eğitim, faaliyet yılı, üniversite mezunu çalışan sayısı, yatırım planı, fuar katılımı ve kalite belgesi alınmıştır. Yatay kesit analizinde mevcut değişkenlerin katsayıları, kurulan 18 model üzerinden anlamlılıkları test edilmiş ve hangi inovatif değişkenin firmaların ihracatını ne kadar etkilediği tespit edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: İnovasyon, Patent, Araştırma-Geliştirme, Yatay Kesit Analizi, İhracat. AbstractAll the innovative activities carried out in production and administrative fields are defined as the innovation in literature. Generally, innovation means creating economic value through discovering new product and production processes or enrichment of those existing. Innovative activities, because of seen in a lot of department of an enterprising as production, distribution, design and marketing methods, also effects on export. In the study, the effect of innovation on export performance is analyzed. The analyzed sector is textile and datas were obtained through survey method from 207 companies engaged in textile export in the South-Eastern Anatolia Region. Cross-Sectional Analysis used as a method in the study and while getting export amount of the companies as the dependent variable, the innovation determinants, research and development, patent, number of employees, training, year of activity, the number of university graduates workers, investment plan, fair participation and quality certification were taken as the independent variables. The significance of the variables available in the cross-sectional analysis were tested on 18 established models and was determined that which innovative variable how much effected the export of the companies.
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