Sequence Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) molecular technique was used for assessing the genetic diversity of eight Egyptian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Five SRAP primers combinations were able to expose the polymorphism between the studied genotypes. The percentage of polymorphism (P %) ranged from 40 to 79.90 %. Furthermore, the Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values for SRAP primers combination varied from 0.11 to 0.31 with an average of 0.19. The Me5F-Em2R and Me1F-Em2R primer combination cleared higher levels of polymorphism of 66.67 and 76.90%, respectively. The results of Single Marker Analysis (SMA) showed that the SRAP marker Me1F-Em2R 1320bp could be considered probably as candidate marker linked to spike length in the tested genotypes. Moreover, Me1F-Em2R 900bp and Me1F-Em2R 575bp could be considered as markers linked to plant height and tillers number /plant traits, respectively. Results of Single Marker Analysis (SMA) showed significant marker-trait associations for spike length (P= 0.04), plant height (P= 0.02) and number of tillers/plant (P= 0.03). Me1F-Em6R 850bp marker could be also considered as candidate markers probably linked to plant height, with a specific fragment of 850bp for the tolerant genotype (P1). UPGMA cluster analysis based on SRAP markers separated the studied wheat genotypes into three significantly different clusters. The dendrogram based on morphological traits divided the studied wheat genotypes into two different clusters. The Mantel test revealed that there was a positive but non-significant correlation between the genetic similarities based on phenotypic data and SRAP marker (r = 0.36, P> 0.05).

A salinity stress problem is defined as a condition where the salts in solution within the crop root zone accumulate in high concentrations, which decrease crop yield. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) is a moderate to salinity tolerance crop Salinity susceptibility index (SSI) become widely used by researchers to identify sensitively and resistant wheat genotypes and increase wheat yield is to improve the salinity tolerance of genotypes. Heterosis represents the percentage of augmenting or decrease in the mean value of the F1 hybrids over their mid-parents' value. The heterosis represents the percentage of increase or decrease in the mean value of F1 hybrid over a better parent. Knowledge of broad-sense heritability (h2 b.s), narrow-sense heritability (h2 n.s), general combining ability (GCA), and specific combining ability (SCA) is useful in the choice of parental genotypes. Combining ability studies assist in the identification of parents with greater GCA values and parental combinations with greater SCA values. High heritability values of the type, which give salinity tolerance in wheat, fixed that a major advance in salinity tolerance may be possible through selection by the order of high selection pressure. The additive and nonadditive gene action played a major role in controlling for traits of wheat under normal conditions and salinity stress.

In tropical climes, the sensitivity of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to high temperatures as well as its underlying genotypic potential with regard to high-temperature ambient/tolerance at field scale remain unknown. The fraction of the hybrids' (F1) means values that increase or decrease relative to those of their best and middle parents is known as heterosis. "Heterobeltiosis" is the term used to describe how an F1 hybrid has improved over its superior parent. The selection of parental genotypes benefits from an understanding of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), narrow-sense heritability (h2 n.s.), and broad-sense heritability (h2 b.s.). A significant improvement in salinity tolerance may be attainable through selection by the order of high heat stress tolerance values in the pea (Pisum sativum L.). The selection of parental genotypes benefits from an understanding of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), narrow-sense heritability (h2 n.s.), and broad-sense heritability (h2 b.s.). The Pea (Pisum sativum L.) has high heritability values of the type that confer heat stress resistance, which suggests that a significant improvement in heat stress tolerance may be attainable by selection under conditions of intense selection pressure. Pisum sativum L. characteristics were mostly regulated by the additive and non-additive (dominance) gene activity under both normal conditions and heat stress.