This study was performed at olive orchard at the Engineering College, University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq, during the growing season 2000-2001, on a sandy silty loam soil. The objectives of this study were to find out the responses of olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Ashrasie) to five irrigation frequencies (0,1,2,3 and 4) during drought season and to determine their effects on tree growth and yield. Numbers of replicates were three trees as a replicate. Forty-five trees of fourteen years old, Ashrasie cultivar were used, each nine uniform size trees distributed randomly among the 5 treatments in RCBD experiment. Irrigation treatments carried out at monthly intervals during the dry season, starting on June 1, by constant amounts of water for each treatment up to reach 60 cm soil depth to field capacity, using basin irrigation method. Irrigation treatments resulted significant increases in the shoot elongation and thickening percentages, leaf area at harvest, fruit yield and quality characteristics. As well as oil contents. The highest values of shoot elongation and thickening percentages were achieved when three irrigation treatments were used, while the best results of each leaf area at harvest, as well as oil content fruit quality characteristics such as fruit weight and size, pulp/stone ratio, were obtained from fourth irrigation treatment.

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The fig (Ficus carica L.) is a fruit tree that is important in the Mediterranean region, and thus genetic improvement has become an important field of research for better crops, with information on this species, particularly its genetic variability correlate to morphological traits of fig, cultivars and wild types distributed in Sulaymaniyah province were being done. Samples from 66 fig accessions were collected, 15 primers for each ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) and SCoT (Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism) markers were used to describe genetic variation, with 12 morphological traits. Analysis of variance recorded highly significant differences concerning plant morphological, pomological traits and genetic diversity. The highest values for shoot length (79.959 cm), internode diameter (15.563 mm), leaf length (28.183 cm), leaf width (28.480 cm), leaf petiole length (13.397 cm) and leaf petiole diameter (18.360 mm) recorded in AC17, AC41, AC20, AC20, AC17 and AC24, respectively. However, the lowest values (11.120 cm, 4.340 mm, 10.910 cm, 9.813 cm, 3.987 cm and 2.323 mm) for the mentioned traits were recorded in AC14, AC12, AC12, AC12, AC37 and AC52, respectively. The highest values for fruit weight (63.447 g), fruit length (46.960 mm), fruit thickness (60.420 mm), fruit stalk length (29.887 mm), fruit stalk diameter (10.433 mm) and ostiole diameter (8.717 mm) were given in AC03, AC22, AC54, AC58, AC58 and AC14, successively. Whereas the lowest values (4.483 g, 14.770 mm, 18.497 mm, 2.373 mm, 2.533 mm and 2.557 mm) were observed in AC37, AC37, AC12, AC08, AC25 and AC30, successively. The two first principal components analysis (PCA) described 49.15% of the total quality variance. Both ISSR and SCoT markers produced 197 and 232 polymorphic bands. The genetic diversities ranged as (0.883 to 0.980) and (0.742 to 0.983), and polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged as (0.878 to 0.979) and (0.737 to 0.983), respectively, with 100% polymorphism levels. The results indicated that natural fig populations in this region provide a rich genetic resource for fig germplasms, and significant genetic variation across accessions originating from different populations, as well as both markers were informative for genetic variability detection in the collections.. The findings of this study could support in the conservation and further utilization of fig germplasm.

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