While determining the basic data such as age, height and sex in physical and forensic anthropology, the differences in calcaneus in between males and females are important. [1,2] In cases with the presence of the majority of skele-ton's parts, one can say that the individual's sex will be correctly determined with 90% of accuracy. [3] Different parts of skeletons have been analysed in the studies of sex determination. Based on Washburn's studies of sex determination in different societies, the most successful results were achieved using the pelvis. [4]

The aim of this study was to define the incidence and classify locations of accessory spleen using CT in a large Turkish population and to compare our findings with earlier studies performed in other populations.Methods: A total of 930 patients were included in the study and evaluated retrospectively using CT. The CT images were obtained using Philips Ingenuity 128 slice computerized tomography device.Results: 930 patients (413 females, 44.4%; 517 males, 55.6%) who underwent CT imaging for various indications were included in this study. Out of these, 55 had an accessory spleen (5.9%), and four had polysplenia. Most common location of accessory spleen was hilum (49.9%) followed by the gastrosplenic ligament (21.81%), infrasplenic area (18.18%), pancreatic tail (3.64%), splenorenal ligament (3.64%) and suprasplenic area (3.64%). Conclusion:Accessory spleen is a common variation encountered in the abdominal cavity. Most and least common locations of this variation should be well known to prevent radiologic misdiagnosis and surgical complications.

B-mode ultrasound is an essential part of radiological examinations due to its low cost, safety, and portability, but has the drawbacks of the speckle noise and output of most systems is two-dimensional (2D) cross sections. Image restoration techniques, using mathematical models for image degradation and noise, can be used to boost resolution (deconvolution) as well as to reduce the speckle. In this study, new single-image Bayesian restoration (BR) and multi-image super-resolution restoration (BSRR) methods are proposed for in-plane B-mode ultrasound images. The spatially correlated nature of the speckle was modeled, allowing for examination of two different models for BR and BSRR for uncorrelated Gaussian (BR-UG, BSRR-UG) and correlated Gaussian (BR-CG, BSRR-CG). The performances of these models were compared with common image restoration methods (Wiener filter, bilateral filtering, and anisotropic diffusion). Well-recognized metrics (peak signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio, and normalized information density) were used for algorithm free-parameter estimation and objective evaluations. The methods were tested using superficial tissue (2D scan data collected from volunteers, tissue-mimicking resolutions, and breast phantoms). Improvement in image quality was assessed by experts using visual grading analysis. In general, BSRR-CG performed better than all other methods. A potential downside of BSRR-CG is increased computation time, which can be addressed by the use of high-performance graphics processing units (GPUs).

Superficial Musculo-Aponeurotic System (SMAS) is a network of collagen fibers, elastic fibers and fat interconnecting facial muscles and dermis. Subcutaneous morphology of face is more organized than subcutaneous layer of any part of body. SMAS has distinctive features in forehead, parotid region, zygomatic region, temporal region, cheek, infraorbital region, nasolabial fold, and lower lip. Because SMAS is a key feature for either percutaneous and surgical aesthetic interventions, neurovascular structure embedded in this tissue must be well known. Radiologic views were enrolled from the archive system of radiology department. Images of 50 patients were randomly selected. (29 ale, 21 female). Age width of the participants was in between 18 and 78 years (mean age 40.34± 15.32). Thickness of SMAS for each region is measured. Continuity of the tissue was followed between the junctions of the regions in a proper sequence with MR images. Thickness of SMAS in the zygomatic region was measured in 50 patients and mean value was 0.12 mm. Left and right side measures were compared between genders and no statistical difference between gender groups was found. Correlation between measures and age was analyzed statistically and no correlation was found. A radiologically and clinically neglected tissue: SMAS deserves more attention because of its continuous course interconnecting distinct regions of face and acting as a functional unit for the expressions. Age and gender related changes in SMAS morphology studied in healthy individuals by means of radiology provides an important contribution to the literature

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