Nowadays, climate variability and changes are among the main environmental challenge within the world. The negative implication of global climate change on the agricultural sector is unequivocal, as its consequences affect the livelihoods of particularly smallholder farmers within the tropics. Windbreaks agroforestry practices has been offered as a climate smart agriculture technologies or practices to reduce the global climate variability and climate change. It is one of the most important adaptation and mitigation strategies of climate change. This review paper focuses on the importance of windbreaks agroforestry practices in global climate change adaptation and mitigation, the role of windbreak technology at the farm and landscape levels, effects of windbreaks on reduction wind speed and soil protection, role of windbreaks to reduce the vulnerability of climate change. Windbreaks can improve the efficiency of ecological and ecosystem services provided by natural resource. If planned properly, nitrogen-fixing trees also can provide direct benefits for increasing the productivity of agricultural crops in an organic way and by resulting higher yields. They enhance animal health, feed efficiency, reduce smells, and increase producers' economic returns when utilized in livestock production systems. Windbreaks can help boost crop productivity, diversify goods, and lift farm revenue by improving soil quality and reducing erosion, improving water quality and reducing flooding damage, improving animal habitat and biodiversity, and lowering pest control inputs. Within the final section, the precise challenges to adapting windbreaks agroforestry practices and adoption mechanisms were reviewed. Windbreaks agroforestry systems may prove to be very useful component of agricultural adaptation as both an economically feasible adaptation strategy for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change as well as a profitable greenhouse gas mitigation opportunity.

Global Climate change has a negative impact on all sectors of the economy, eco-regions, and social groups. Identifying the risk, the international community is working to reverse the movement. By considering the climate change impacts, the global community is driving an effort of their capacity to prevent the trend. To reduce the impacts of climate change through measures such as reduction of GHG emissions. Linking technological change, climate finance, and the market is a key element for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in climate-smart agriculture. The purpose of this review is to highlight that technological change is closely linked to climate finance and the market in mitigating climate change, the role of technological change in mitigating climate change, the role of climate finance and financing mechanisms in mitigating climate change, and the market perspectives in mitigating climate change.

Climate change affects ruminant livestock production systems through direct impacts on animal physiology and production, while indirectly through feed availability, water availability composition, and quality. These impacts may be positive or negative and will vary across geographical regions, animal species, and adaptive capacity. The ruminant animal productions have several adaptive mechanisms to maintain homeostasis through behavioral, physiological, and morphological. The Potential adaptation strategies involve land-use decisions, animal feeding changes, genetic manipulation, breeding, and species improvement, and alteration. Integrated livestock-crop production systems can reduce impact, and increase productivity, diversify production, and enhance resiliency ruminant livestock productions. So, adaptation strategies of ruminant livestock's productions have ability to survive, and reproduce in the conditions of poor nutrition, parasites, and diseases, as well as their tolerance to heat. Pastoral Mobility was a survival and resource management strategy commonly practiced by herder societies for increased adaptability to climate changes. Ruminant livestock is also an important component of all farming systems and provide draught power, milk, meat, manure, hides, skins, and other products for most countries. A review of this seminar paper was prepared on the adaptation of the ruminant livestock production system strategies to climate change. Effective adaptation strategies to minimize negative impacts on ruminant production systems due to climate change will need to be multi-dimensional.

Agricultural production is the primary source of income for most smallholder farmers. Climate change and variability are currently emerging as a major challenge to agricultural production by smallholder farmers who rely on rain-fed agriculture on small farms. The overall goal of this seminar paper was to examine smallholder farmers' adaptation strategies for increasing crop and livestock production in the face of changing climatic circumstances. Review existing crop and livestock production adaptation strategies, adaptation opportunities, adaptation obstacles, and factors that influence crop and livestock production adaptation strategies under changing climatic circumstances were the specific objectives. Smallholder farmers have used a variety of crop and livestock production adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of climate change and variability-related hazards. Awareness raising and capacity developments are the major important adaptation opportunities for reducing the effect of climate change. Human population growth (large family size), inappropriate land use and forest policies, strategies, and programs, low institutional capacity of local bodies, marginalization of local communities, deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, and decline in soil fertility are all factors that make it difficult for smallholder farmers to adapt to the effects of climate variability and change. Smallholder farmers' choice of Adaptation Strategies is influenced by agro-ecology, access to climate/weather information, gender, education level, and age of the household head, farm income, non-farm income, credit usage, extension service, and distance from the market center.

Ethiopia is heavily dependent on its agricultural sector, which has suffered from recurrent droughts. Rapid population growth, change of arable land to urban expansion, climate change, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid, acidity in high rainfall areas, and depletion of natural resources are causing food shortages. Productivity performance in the agriculture sector is critical to improvement in overall economic well-being. Therefore, this article focused to reviewing the country's current production and productivity of agricultural challenges and opportunities. In addition to that, the status of the agricultural production of the country were reviewed. The seminar mainly concentrated on land degradation and deforestation, land fragmentation, the shortage of farmland, climate change, unevenly distributed construction and urbanization, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. Ethiopia has great opportunities, such as commercial farming investments in cereals, cotton, fruit, vegetables, and ornamental plants. The country has also many opportunities in the areas of livestock production. However, Ethiopia's current fruit, vegetable, and livestock production for export are very limited.