Breast metastases from extra-mammary malignancies, especially those mimicking primary inflammatory breast carcinoma, are extremely rare. We report here two cases of inflammatory breast metastases from gastric or ovarian cancer. Both patients, who had prior advanced malignant disease, presented with unilateral breast redness and swelling with peau d'orange sign, resembling primary inflammatory breast cancer or acute mastitis. Breast biopsy revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells or clear cell carcinoma in the lymphatic vessels and the parenchyma without an in situ lesion, similar to primary lesions of the stomach or ovary, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 was of value for correct diagnosis. Since breast metastasis is a sign of poor prognosis of the primary malignant disease, the possibility of breast metastasis should be considered in appropriate patients to preclude unnecessary major surgery.

One of the greatest challenges China faces is how to reshape its heavily investment-driven mode of economic growth. By investigating how the rebalancing of Japan's economic growth mode was realized in the 1970s, we indicate that it is essential in the rebalancing to correct the distortions in the factor cost (labor cost and capital cost) in a harmonious way. In addition, we refer to Japan's experience to indicate that achieving domestic rebalancing does not necessarily lead to external rebalancing.

This study examines the expectational stability of the rational expectations equilibria (REE) under alternative Taylor rules when trend inflation is non-zero. We find that when trend inflation is high, the REE is likely to be expectationally unstable. This result holds true regardless of the nature of the data (such as contemporaneous data, forecast, and lagged data) introduced in the Taylor rule. Our results suggest that a high macroeconomic volatility during the period of high trend inflation can be well explained by introducing the concept of expectational stability. JEL Classification: D84, E31, E52

Due to a sharp decline in the fertility rate and a rapid increase in longevity, Japan's population aging is the furthest advanced in the world. In this study we explore the macroeconomic impact of population aging using a full- ‡edged overlapping generations model. Our model replicates well the time paths of Japan's macroeconomic variables from the 1980s to the 2000s and yields future paths for these variables over a long horizon. We …nd that Japan's population aging as a whole adversely a¤ects GNP growth by dampening factor inputs. It also negatively impacts on GNP per capita, especially in the future, mainly due to the decline in the fraction of the population of working-age. For these …ndings, fertility rate decline plays a dominant role as it reduces both labor force and saver populations. The e¤ects of increased longevity are expansionary, but relatively minor. Our simulations predict that the adverse e¤ects will expand during the next few decades. In addition to closed economy simulations, we examine the consequences of population aging in a small open economy setting.In this case a decline in the domestic capital return encourages investment in foreign capital, mitigating the adverse e¤ects of population aging on GNP.JEL Classi…cation: E20, J11

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