The purpose of this research is to develop a product and this research uses the research and development method level I from Sugiyono (2019). The steps in developing this research are (1) Potential and problems (2) Literature study (3) Gathering information (4) Design product (5) validate product (6) Design is assessed. The instruments used in this research were observations sheet, lists of interview, and questionnaires. The observation sheet was used to observe the needs and problem that facing by the vocational school students. The lists of the interview were used to make sure the needs of teachers and students. And the questionnaire was used for product validation/product valuation by experts. Based on the recapitulation of experts’ judgment validation, it showed that the developing course book of food and beverage services obtained the best category with score 116 obtained from the first expert, 120 obtained from the second expert, and 123 obtained from the third expert, so the mean score is 119,6. It can be concluded that the mean score is greater than 104.88 with the best category, so the material developed is valid or gets the best category and suitable for students, but there are some points that must be revised based on comments from experts

Kakawin Nitisastra, one of ancient Javanese scriptures, holds a lot of figurative writings in it. Revelation and analysis of those figurative language are important to enrich Indonesian literary culture and introduce it to character education in present days. The aims of this study are (1) to identify types of figure of speech used in Kakawin Nitisastra, (2) to identify functions of those figurative speech, and (3) to reveal the meanings behind them. By applying literature-based qualitative method, the result of this study reveals that Kakawin Nitisastra contains mostly similes, symbolism, allegory, hyperboles, and personifications related to animals, plants and ancient beliefs in the Vedas. The figures of speech have at least four functions namely to give examples, to compare qualities, to criticize, and to remind readers about proper deeds in the society.

Polemics emerge when religion is faced to the fact that there are supposedly visitation of intelligent beings from other planets in many cases from ancient times up to now. Vedic literature as basis of Hindu religious teachings is one of many religious resources which can be used as reference to this inquiry. This descriptive-qualitative study aims to (1) clarify whether Vedic Scriptures mention about extraterrestrial life, or intelligent life outside Planet Earth, and (2) enlist categories of extraterrestrial life as mentioned in the Vedic Scriptures. The methods used are literature study and documentary. Result of the study reveals that Vedic Scriptures, especially the four Vedas, Puranas and Itihasas clearly mention about existence of extraterrestrial species (alien beings) and their interactions with humans since the Vedic era. These extraterrestrial beings are of different categories which are more elaborately enlisted in some major Puranic literatures.

Abstract-The aims of the study were (1) to track the origin of Nawa Sanga symbolism in ancient Balinese society, (2) to discover the history behind the usage of Nawa Sanga symbolism, and (3) to analyze the actual philosophy of Nawa Sanga symbolism to the ancient Balinese. The research design used was descriptive-qualitative with ethnographic method which mainly involved the analysis of cultural aspects in ancient Balinese religious texts and chronicles. Data range involved prominent Balinese ancient religious texts and babad (chronicle texts). Data collecting techniques used were document analysis and observation. The result of the study showed that (1) the Nawa Sanga symbolism in ancient Balinese society came from the Saivite teachings dating in the same period as Majapahit Empire fell down, (2) the Nawa Sanga symbolism was formulated during the Waturenggong period to politically unify the Balinese society, and (3) the actual philosophy behind Nawa Sanga symbolism was not religious, but political.

<p class="p2">Balinese language has some unique color nomenclatures. How those colors are categorized into different nomenclatures becomes the first concern of this study. Then, why those nomenclatures are linguistically unique and exist culturally in different ways is the second question. NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) is used both in theory and method. Since some Balinese terms are inexplicable through semantic primes of the NSM, linguistic relativity theory is used to dig descriptive meanings and concepts of those color nomenclatures in Balinese cultural linguistic realm. The study finds that there are four color nomenclatures in Balinese language, and those nomenclatures are different mainly because of religious and historical backgrounds.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>