Ceramic-reinforced slabs were widely used in Spain during the second half of the 20th century, especially for industrial buildings. This solution was popular due to the lack of materials at that time, as it requires almost no concrete and low ratios of reinforcement. In this study, we present and discuss the results of a real load-bearing test of a real ceramic-reinforced slab, which was loaded and reloaded cyclically for a duration of one week in order to describe any damage under a high-demand loading series. Due to the design of these slabs, the structural response is based more on shear than on bending due to the low levels of concrete and the geometry and location of re-bars. The low ratio of concrete makes these slabs ideal for short-span structures, mainly combined with steel or RC frames. The slab which was analyzed in this study covers a span of 4.88 m between two steel I-beams (IPN400), and corresponds to a building from the mid-1960s in the city of Igualada (Barcelona, Spain). A load-bearing test was carried out up to 7.50 kN/m2 by using two-story sacks full of sand. The supporting steel beams were propped up in order to avoid any interference in the results of the test; without the shoring of the steel structure, deflections would come from the combination of the ceramic slab together with the steel profiles. A process of loading and unloading was repeated for a duration of six days in order to describe the cyclic response of the slab under high levels of loading. Finally, vibration analysis of the slab was also done; the higher the load applied, the higher the fundamental frequency of the cross section, which is more comfortable in terms of serviceability.

Cómo citar este artículo/Citation: Costales Calvo, I. (2016). «La ballena vuelve al museo»; proceso de diseño y cálculo de una estructura ligera. Informes de la Construcción, 69(546) RESUMENEl texto describe el proceso de diseño y cálculo de una estructura metálica ligera que soporta otra estructura aún más ligera: el esqueleto de una ballena. Una pieza que ha sido conservada durante más de 150 años. Se encuentra suspendida de otra estructura metálica bidireccional y singular, que resuelve grandes luces: el techo del edificio Fòrum 2004 de Barcelona. Para encontrar la solución más adecuada se ha utilizado un programa de cálculo no lineal. Gracias a un diseño eficiente y a un exhaustivo análisis se ha conseguido que la estructura principal trabaje a tracción, eliminando la posibilidad de pandeo, reduciendo así la sección resultante a la necesaria para trabajar a flexo-tracción, por lo que la estructura ha podido quedar oculta dentro del esqueleto. Durante la fase de diseño se hicieron propuestas adecuadas para poder transportar las piezas y soldarlas o ensamblarlas fácilmente. Finalmente se describe la puesta en obra de la estructura, que se realizó en un fin de semana, para poder sostener a uno de los iconos más queridos por los niños de Barcelona: «La balena Brava».Palabras clave: esqueleto; ballena; diseño estructural; estructura tensada; sistema no lineal; estructura ligera; puesta en obra. ABSTRACT