The paper includes organizational issues of telemedicine usage in field of urology. Negative outcomes of an urological care had been described and classified. Proposed complex telemedicine system allows to decrease influence of a set of negative factors linked with bad outcomes in urology. (For citation: Apolihin OI, Shadjorkin IA, Perhov VI, et al. Scientific background of telemedicine-based approaches for medical care organization in urology. Urologicheskie vedomosti. 2017;7(3):14-21. doi: 10.17816/uroved7314-21).