To provide analytical tools for the preparation and oxidation of pure bismuth, we have developed techniques for chlorine determination in bismuth and bismuth oxide: indirect, using atomic absorption spec trometry, and direct, using laser mass spectrometry, with detection limits of 1 × 10 -3 and 1 × 10 -5 wt %, respectively. The techniques were used to assess the purity of bismuth in the refining and oxidation steps.
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