Background<br />Exercise has been known to have beneficial effects on human health. The kidneys play an important role in regulating acid-base and water-electrolyte balance disturbances induced by exercise. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of short term aerobic exercise (volleyball training) on the kidney function of apparently healthy individuals. <br /><br />Methods<br />An experimental study of pre-post test design was conducted involving 41 amateur volleyball players, comprising 22 males and 19 females. They were randomly divided into seven different teams. Each team trained for at least 45 minutes for four consecutive days for two weeks. Both pre-and post-exercise blood pressure (BP) was measured using an automatic blood pressure measuring device OMRON 907 (OMRON, Hoofddorp, Netherlands). Likewise, both pre- and post-exercise blood samples were collected into lithium heparin tubes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and the plasma separated into plain tubes. Electrolytes were analysed using ion selective electrode machine (SFRI 4000, Germany), urea using modified Berthelot method, creatinine using Jaffe-Slot method and uric acid using the uricase method and estimated glomerular filtration state (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. <br /><br />Results<br />The mean levels of pre- and post-exercise systolic blood pressure, creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and eGFR did not differ significantly (p&gt;0.05). However, serum uric acid was significantly increased (p&lt;0.05), while diastolic BP significantly decreased after exercise (p&lt;0.05).<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The study showed that short-term moderate intensity aerobic exercise does not have any significant effect on the renal functions.

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Bread is highly nutritious and consumed in many ways by most. This study was carried out to determine the effect of daily bread consumption on serum insulin, glycated hemoglobin, and plasma glucose level among male daily bread consumers. Thirty male students were randomly selected and fed with bread for 21 days. Their pre and post-blood samples were analyzed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method for insulin and glycated hemoglobin whereas glucose estimation was done using the glucose oxidase method. Pre and post Body Mass Index (BMI) were also determined. Results showed that there was a signicant decrease in the BMI of the participants in daily post bread eaters (21.80±2.21) compared to baseline (20.04±2.36) (p<0.05) while there were no signicant differences in the mean levels of fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and insulin in daily post bread eaters (4.94±0.24, 5.88±0.63, and 6.43±3.22 respectively) (p>0.05). Likewise, no signicant association existed between the parameters studied. Therefore no signicant alteration was observed in the parameters studied except for the decreased BMI observed after bread consumption among the participants which could be attributed to the increase in academic stress activities experienced by participants as the studied participants were students at examination during the post sample collection.