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This chapter addresses issues relating to digital exclusion as a policy challenge affecting older adults in Estonia and Finland. In both countries, the use of technology and digital services is widespread in both the public and private sectors. The requirements of rapidly and constantly evolving digital societies pose challenges for ageing policy in both Estonia and Finland. Delivery of digital services influences positively the life of older people, improves quality of life and increases independence. On the other hand, digital services pose new problems for older populations. Since digitalisation represents a process of social change, technology innovation needs to contribute to individuals’ well-being. By building digital solutions that are functional both for older people and from the viewpoint of service providers, it is essential to move from traditional service provider-oriented design to human-centred development.

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The benefits of the co-creation of failure recovery are well recognized in the literature. So far, however, there has been little discussion about the collaborative process of joint recovery management and the role played by the locus of failure in this process in the Business-toBusiness context. Drawing on service-dominant logic and service logic, this paper attempts to explore the main sources/locus of failure and their roles in the level of supplier and customer collaboration during the failure recovery activities. Through the qualitative interviews with suppliers and customers firms based in Iran, the authors identify the main locus of failure and analyze the level of collaboration in recovery activities between the supplier and customer firms. The result reveals there are four main sources of failure (supplier-induced error, customerinduced error, an environmental factor, and unknown causation of failure) and two recovery management perspectives (reactive vs. proactive) in the B2B context. Our findings indicate that the level of joint recovery changes depending on the source of the failure in the business environment. Particularly, the level of joint recovery can be shown on a spectrum where the minimum level of collaboration is possible when the error is caused by the supplier and the maximum level of joint recovery happens when the root cause of failure is difficult to identify.

Education is seen in the human capital literature as one of the determining factors for labour market outcomes (Blázquez et al., 2018), measured through multiple variables. The aim of the current study is to examine the change in the earnings of graduates from Estonian post-secondary education institutions. This is achieved by comparing graduates who had studied from 2013 to 2016 in four fields: engineering, information technology, economics and natural sciences. To assess the change in pre- and post-entry earnings difference-in-differences regression was used. The results indicate there are differences between disciplines in terms of added value. In economics gender differences have the smallest and entrepreneurial activities the largest impact for the change in earnings. The study contributes to our understanding of added value of post-secondary education by combining educational, tax and social data, and analysing the change in graduates’ earnings pre- and post-entry. Keywords: Post-secondary education; earnings; value added; Estonia; labour market success