Melanosis coli is a benign condition, often identified as an incidental finding during colonoscopy, characterized by brown or black pigmentation of the colonic mucosa due to lipofuscin deposition within the cytoplasm of cells. It has been linked to the excessive use of laxatives, particularly those that are anthraquinone-based but also stimulant laxatives and herbal remedies. White patches on colonoscopy in this condition are an extremely rare finding.We present two cases of 31-and 38-year-old, male Nigerians, with a history of chronic constipation and prolonged stimulant laxative use in whom colonoscopy findings of white patches on the colonic mucosa were confirmed on histology to be melanosis coli.Melanosis coli should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with chronic constipation and/or prolonged use of laxatives or herbal remedies who exhibit mucosal changes on colonoscopy even if these changes are not black or brown discolorations.

Introduction: Occult breast cancer (OBC) is a clinically recognizable metastatic carcinoma from an undetectable primary breast tumor. It is rare and accounts for 0.3–1% of all breast cancers, often presenting with lymph node, bone, or skin metastases. It poses a diagnostic challenge for general surgeons, radiologists, and pathologists. Case Report: We present the case of occult breast cancer in a 62-year-old, post-menopausal, female, Nigerian, presenting with a solitary, painless, right axillary lymph node enlargement without a clinical or radiological evidence of a breast mass; and also review the literature. The diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma was made and confirmed on histology and immunohistochemistry analysis of the axillary lymph node. Histological examination of the subsequent right breast mastectomy specimen revealed the presence of infiltrating ductal carcinoma even though no definite mass lesion was seen on gross examination. Conclusion: Occult breast cancer can be a diagnostic challenge and should be excluded in any patient presenting with solitary axillary lymphadenopathy. Immunohistochemistry staining patterns can be a mainstay in resolving the differential diagnoses.

The parasitic infestation, cysticercosis, arises when humans are infested with the larvae (cysticerci) of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium (T. solium). Epidemiologically, cysticercosis presents a worldwide distribution due in part to endemicity in developing countries in Latin America, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, and increased migration from these countries to more developed countries in Europe and North America. Cysticercosis may be asymptomatic or may manifest clinical symptoms and signs depending on which part of the body cysticerci are found, including skeletal and heart muscle, skin, subcutaneous tissues, the lungs, liver, the central nervous system (CNS), and less commonly, the oral mucosa and breast.We report a case of a mass in the left breast in an 11-year-old Nigerian girl, which was diagnosed clinically and on ultrasonography as fibroadenoma but was confirmed on histology to be cysticercosis.Cysticercosis should be included in the differential diagnoses of breast lumps in persons of all ages and sex, especially in endemic areas and in places with significant immigration from endemic areas.

Introduction: Chondrolipomas are rare, benign mesenchymal tumors characterized by proliferation of mature adipocytes associated with variable amounts of mature cartilaginous tissue. Chondrolipoma of the oral cavity is an uncommon clinical presentation. Case Report: We present the case of a 50-year-old, male, Nigerian, type 2 diabetic presenting with a painless, slow growing swelling of the lower lip of two years duration which did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Excision and histopathologic assessment of the mass revealed a diagnosis of chondrolipoma. Conclusion: Chondrolipoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of masses in the oral cavity.