Abstract. Nayasilana IN, Hadisusanto S, Wijayanto H, Atmoko SSU, Prasetyo D, Sihite J, Van Schaik CP. 2017 Batikap, Central Kalimantan,. Conversion habitat is the major threats to orangutan survival. More than 600 orangutans in rehabilitation center Nyaru Menteng BOSF, Central Kalimantan, waiting to be released to their nature habitat. The success of reintroduction is strongly dependent on the ecological component of the new habitat's quality. Orangutans' spatial behavior strongly related to fruit availability fluctuation, which will effects adaptation success. The goal of the study is to differentiate adaptation patterns of reintroduced orangutans (semi-wild and rehabilitant) base on habitat suitability. This study focused on 16 reintroduced orangutans (8 semi-wild and 8 rehabilitant) with a distribution of vegetation analysis overlaid with ranging for ecology effect. Day journey length and ranging of orangutans were collected for 18 months (2012)(2013)(2014) by means of focal animal sampling. Ranging data was analyzed using ArcMap GIS 9.3 Kernels program, the correlation between ranging and vegetation by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), diversity and biodiversity vegetation analysis which was then compared to wild orangutans (Sebangau and Tuanan Research Station). We found, 98% of Sorensen's similarity in vegetation and similar diversity for Simpson's, Shannon-Wiener and biodiversity indexes. Significantly high proportions of food patches consumed were fruit (p < 0.81) and rattan (p < 0.58). Our data also show the range of reintroduced orangutan vertical movements were between 0 m to >20 m, minimum home range for males was 619 ha and females 544 ha, with overlapping areas between orangutans 0.09%-77.85%. Based on the correlation between ranging and food distribution, reintroduced orangutan distribution was found to be concentrated on food resources, with other factors indicating that they still felt comfortable around humans, and ranging was found to be similar compared to wild orangutans. In conclusion, an adaptation of reintroduced orangutans, both semi-wild and rehabilitated, in their new habitat was found to be similar. . Behavioral ecology of reintroduced Orangutans in the Bukit

K.G.P.A.A. Mangkunagoro I Forest Park is the one and only forest park in Central Java. As area of protection, life support system, and biodiversity preservation, K.G.P.A.A. Mangkunagoro I Forest Park plays an important role for life, especially for people around the forest area. To ensure this function, the sustainability of forest functions is determined by the presence of vegetation in the forest area. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of species, biomass and carbon stock of bamboo in K.G.P.A.A. Mangkunagoro I Forest Park. The diversity of bamboo species was observed by exploration method with an inventory. Then, based on the inventory data obtained, one species of bamboo was selected based on its number of clumps to determine the biomass and carbon storage. In the present study, there were 20 species bamboo at K.G.P.A.A. Mangkunagoro I Forest Park namely Bambusa balcoa, B. balcoa var. Capensis, B. bambos, B. blumeana, B. multiplex-green hedge, B. multiplex-alphanse karr, B. oldhami, B. tuldoides, B. vulgaris vulgaris, B. vulgaris vitata, B. vulgaris wamin budha, Dendrocalmus asper, D. asper thai, D. asper black, D. hamiltoni, Guadua amplexifolia, G. agustifolia, Oxytenanthera abysinica, Phyllostacys aurea, dan P. nigra. Furthermore, D. asper (petung bamboo) was the most dominated bamboo species. The number of D. asper were 758 clumps/ha and 3,213 reeds/ha. The average D. asper biomass was 6.02 kg/reed. Thus, the estimated biomass per ha was 19.5 tonnes/ha. In addition, D. asper has the ability to store carbon of 9.1 tonnes/ha.

Abstract. Karyanto P, Bagasta AR, Nayasilana IN, Nor SMD, Atmoko SSU, Susilowati A, Sunarto 2022. Next generation sequencing reveals plants consumed by the vulnerable ebony langur (Trachypithecus auratus) in a fragmented mountain forest. Biodiversitas 23: 4759-4769. Many mountain forests on Java Island have suffered from forest degradation, fragmentation, and alien species invasion that cause a significant change in vegetation structure. This changing floristic structure may affect the foraging substrate of the foliage eater ebony langur, Trachypithecus auratus. Hence, ascertaining the plants eaten by the langur may contribute significantly to informing important ecological data about its foraging adaptation and conservation. We analyzed six fecal samples of the langur from three forest sites in Mount Merbabu National Park, Indonesia. This research used the plant mini barcode to sequence the ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase gene (rbcl) in the mitochondrial DNA of the plants eaten by the langur using the Next Generation Sequencing. We compare the NGS results to floristic reference data from a vegetation survey preceding the fecal analysis. The NGS found 238 OTUs that belong to 32 taxa. Most of the langur’s diet belongs to the lower crop community. The study’s results suggest that the ebony langur’s dietary composition shows an adaptation to the new floristic composition. However, since the habitat is continuously degraded, the stakeholders must perform appropriate home-building-based habitat management practices to conserve this vulnerable species.

Eagles (Accipitridae) are sensitive to environmental disturbance such as fragmented environment. This study was aimed to describe the forest in Gunung Bromo as a habitat of the eagles. The research method used was the case study, habitat observation, monitoring presence of eagles, and literature review. Gunung Bromo University Forest is totally fragmented suburban forest with four types of habitat such as oligoculture forest, mixed forest, cropland and riverstream. Two species of eagles were found in the area namely Nisaetus cirrhatus and Spilornis cheela. Potential prey for the eagles found in the area was six species of snakes, eight species of amphibians, five species of lizards, 32 species of birds, and three species of small mammals. Inactive eagle’s nest was also found, and the shape of nest is a big circle with neat plaits created from branches placed in the upper canopy of Bombax ceiba tree. The nest presumed to be used by N. cirrhatus. The study also noted the competitor namely Artamus leucorynchus which often aggressively mobbing the eagles when soaring. Gunung Bromo University Forest was a good habitat for eagles, although it was fragmented. It provided four different habitats, diverse preys, and nesting site. Threats for conservation of eagles in the forest were illegal hunter and noise from visitors’ motocross.