Behavioral ecology of reintroduced Orangutans in the Bukit Batikap, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract. Nayasilana IN, Hadisusanto S, Wijayanto H, Atmoko SSU, Prasetyo D, Sihite J, Van Schaik CP. 2017 Batikap, Central Kalimantan,. Conversion habitat is the major threats to orangutan survival. More than 600 orangutans in rehabilitation center Nyaru Menteng BOSF, Central Kalimantan, waiting to be released to their nature habitat. The success of reintroduction is strongly dependent on the ecological component of the new habitat's quality. Orangutans' spatial behavior strongly related to fruit availability fluctuation, which will effects adaptation success. The goal of the study is to differentiate adaptation patterns of reintroduced orangutans (semi-wild and rehabilitant) base on habitat suitability. This study focused on 16 reintroduced orangutans (8 semi-wild and 8 rehabilitant) with a distribution of vegetation analysis overlaid with ranging for ecology effect. Day journey length and ranging of orangutans were collected for 18 months (2012)(2013)(2014) by means of focal animal sampling. Ranging data was analyzed using ArcMap GIS 9.3 Kernels program, the correlation between ranging and vegetation by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), diversity and biodiversity vegetation analysis which was then compared to wild orangutans (Sebangau and Tuanan Research Station). We found, 98% of Sorensen's similarity in vegetation and similar diversity for Simpson's, Shannon-Wiener and biodiversity indexes. Significantly high proportions of food patches consumed were fruit (p < 0.81) and rattan (p < 0.58). Our data also show the range of reintroduced orangutan vertical movements were between 0 m to >20 m, minimum home range for males was 619 ha and females 544 ha, with overlapping areas between orangutans 0.09%-77.85%. Based on the correlation between ranging and food distribution, reintroduced orangutan distribution was found to be concentrated on food resources, with other factors indicating that they still felt comfortable around humans, and ranging was found to be similar compared to wild orangutans. In conclusion, an adaptation of reintroduced orangutans, both semi-wild and rehabilitated, in their new habitat was found to be similar. . Behavioral ecology of reintroduced Orangutans in the Bukit

Plant diversity and nutrient substances of native edible plant: Case study in Suka Maju and Tamao Villages, Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

“…Species of Hydnocarpus sp. also found in Central Kalimantan and referred to orangutan food (Nayasilana et al 2017).…”

Orang-utans’ (<i>Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii</i>) Activity Pattern in Camp Release and Feeding Site of Lamandau Wildlife Sanctuary, Central Borneo, Indonesia

“…Adult orang-utans, especially mother, are still comfortable and doing activities around camp, which make their forage skill may have less. The ranging movement of reintroduced orang-utans is influenced by the abundance of diet sources (Nayasilana et al 2017). Orang-utans used the central area/near the main camp area if it is supported by the availability of a patch diet.…”

The Development of Feeding Competence in Rehabilitant Orphaned Orangutans and How to Measure It

“…So far, rehabilitation programmes have not routinely assessed the development of feeding competence during the process of rehabilitation and prior to re-introduction. In recent years, programmes have attempted to provide post-release monitoring after re-introduction, e.g., [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], but by this time a large part of an individual’s learning history is already fixed and the effects of insufficient or faulty learning are almost irreversible. It is therefore vital to, on the one hand, document the development of feeding competence during the rehabilitation process and, on the other hand, act in a timely manner to correct developments that are likely to lead to problems once the orangutan is mature and released.…”