Milliyantri Elvandari, dkk: Suplementasi vitamin A dan asupan zat gizi dengan serum retinol dan morbiditas anak 1-3 tahun Suplementasi vitamin A dan asupan zat gizi dengan serum retinol dan morbiditas anak 1-3 tahun 1 Vitamin A supplementation and nutrient intake with retinol serum and morbidity among children [1][2][3] KEY WORDS: morbidity; retinol serum; vitamin A supplementation ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Morbiditas penyakit infeksi di negara berkembang merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat karena prevalensi masih tinggi terutama untuk anak di bawah lima tahun. Asupan vitamin A merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab yang dapat mempengaruhi morbiditas. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan suplementasi vitamin A dan asupan gizi dengan serum retinol serta hubungan suplementasi vitamin A, asupan gizi, dan serum retinol dengan morbiditas anak usia 1-3 tahun. Metode: Desain penelitian cross-sectional yang dilaksanakan bulan Februari-Maret 2016 di Kabupaten Kudus dan Grobogan, Jawa Tengah. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah anak usia 1-3 tahun (n=140). Serum retinol dikumpulkan dengan mengambil sampel darah melalui vena kemudian dianalisis menggunakan HPLC, asupan zat gizi dengan food recall 2x24jam, dan wawancara terstruktur dengan ibu subjek. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji Chi-Square. Hasil: Studi ini menemukan bahwa 68 subjek (48,6%) tidak mengambil suplementasi vitamin A. Prevalensi anak-anak memiliki asupan gizi kurang (<90% AKG) yang relatif tinggi yaitu sebesar 68,6% untuk asupan energi; 47,1% protein; 70,7% lemak; dan prevalensi defi siensi vitamin A (<77% AKG) yang relatif tinggi sebesar 60%. Sejumlah 24,2% subjek memiliki serum retinol rendah (<20μg/dl). Suplementasi vitamin A, lemak, dan asupan vitamin A berhubungan dengan retinol serum (p<0,05). Suplementasi vitamin A, asupan vitamin A, vitamin C, zink, dan serum retinol berhubungan dengan morbiditas (p<0,05). Simpulan: Anak yang tidak mengambil kapsul vitamin A serta asupan vitamin A, vitamin C, zink, dan retinol serum yang rendah memiliki morbiditas yang lebih tinggi.KATA KUNCI: morbiditas; serum retinol; suplementasi vitamin A 1

BACKGROUND: Moringa oleifera is a nutritional food supplement that can save lives, particularly in countries with malnourished community. Such supplement can also be provided to breastfeeding mothers so that they can produce more breast milk. AIM: This study investigated the effect of M. oleifera on pregnant and breastfeeding mothers on their breast milk’s docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) concentration. METHODS: This was a longitudinal study which was the continuity from the previous experimental study. The research sample was 64 breastfeeding mothers given Moringa leaves powder (MLP), Moringa leaves extract (MLE), or iron-folic acid (IFA). The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test with the significance level of 95% aiming to assess the difference between the breast milk’s DHA and AA level on MLP, MLE, and IFA groups. RESULTS: This research indicated that most mothers had low education level (71.9 %) and did not work (89.1%). There was no significant difference between the DHA level (p = 0.215) and AA (p = 0.914) of the breast milk among the MLP, MLE, and IFA groups. CONCLUSION: The intervention might contribute a little effect on DHA and AA level in the breast milk.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 13.05pt 6pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The chlorophyll is well known as natural antioxidant which is commonly high  level  in some geen leafy and has potential biological effect for a good  health and  has been proved has antioxidant and antimutagenic activity. In fact, a high content of chlorophyll is available in nature but in contrast its found commercially in Indonesia as imported product with a high price</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The objectives of this study were to determine of chlorophyll level  of various leaves (Premna oblongifolia Merr., Saurpus androgynus  Merr. Centella asiatica, and Morus alba L),  to produce copper-chlorophyll derivative powder, and to observe its physico-chemical properties. The research showed that cincau leaf had higher level of chlorophyll than other leaves, meanwhile cincau leaf used as material of copper-chlorophyll derivative. Cincau leaves chlorophyll extract solution with Cu²⁺ 100 mg/l level produce the cincau copper-chlorophyll derivative powder with highest  pH, solubility, and geenness compare to other copper levels. The cincau copper-derivate chlorophyll  powder contained chlorophyll 3986 mg/kg, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;">b</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-carotene 33.8 mg/kg, and contained alkaloid, saponin, tanin, steroid, and glycoside.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.65pt 6pt 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">The purpose of this study was to analyze the model of farmer empowerment for household food security. Research design was cross sectional, it was conducted in Lebak District on March</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">- November 2010. The data collected was household characteristics, consumption, level of farmer empowerment, and household food security. A systematic stratified random sampling was applied to select 95 farmer households. The path analysis was applied to analyze </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Model of Farmer Empowerment for Household Food Security</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">. The results showed that 42.1% of farmer household are food insecure, and most of them (52.6%) have low level of empowerment. Model of farmer empowerment for food security can be started with the development and strengthening of megapolitan environment, followed by strengthening the means of production and capital.</span></p>

<p class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 0cm 13.05pt 6pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">The objective of the study was to analyze direct and indirect factors that influence household’s food security. The study design was a crosectional study.  Research was conducted in </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Pasindangan and Banjarsari Village, Cileles and Warunggunung Subdistrict, Lebak Distric, Banten Province in </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">April - May 2009</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">. A purposive sampling was applied to select 101 households. The data collected include socio economy and food intake. Quantitatively,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">a household is categorized as food security, if his/her TKE &gt;90%, and a household is categorized as food insecurity, if his/her TKE &lt; 90%. The Rank Spearman test was applied to analyze correlation of socioeconomic, demographic and food intake variables between food securities. Path analysis was used to analyze direct and indirect factors that influence household’s food security. The results showed that </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">62.4% households were food security, and 37.6% households were food insecurity</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">There are correlation between household expenditure per capita, number of household member and land area to household food security. Based on the path analysis,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">direct factor that influence household food security was household expenditure per capita. Indirect factors that influence household food security were number of household member – household expenditure per capita – household food security.</span></p>