The main objective of this study is to determine key factors that may have a significant effect on alcohol consumption in Turkey. For this purpose, the cross-sectional data obtained from the Turkish Health Survey conducted in 2010 and 2012 by the Turkish Statistical Institute were analyzed through the multinomial probit model. Results revealed that several key variables were found to be a significant determinant of alcohol consumption, such as gender, age, education, marital status, income, general health status, tooth brushing frequency, situation of violence, fruit consumption frequency, tobacco use, exposure to tobacco smoke, and survey year. It is apparent that alcoholics need help to get rid of an addiction. Therefore, it would be inevitable for governments to intervene through national and international public health authorities. In particular, the ability of governments to design and implement comprehensive prevention strategies that combine the strengths of different policy approaches is critical to success.
Until a few decades ago, ethical issues were defined in terms of fraudulent behavior and workplace working conditions, but the concept itself has now expanded. Child labor, considered cheap and easily manageable labor in the globalizing world, is one of the chronic problems of many developing and developed countries, including Turkey. Recent studies show that child’s work areas are increasingly diversified, and child labor has become an important factor in the global cheap labor market. For whatever reason, it is a universal ethical issue that children work as young adults in many different sectors, from mining to textiles and agriculture to the automotive industry. In this context, the issue of child labor in Turkey has been discussed in the context of business ethics principles. In the study, three main factors were determined as demographic, educational life, and business life variables as the determinants of the reasons for the involvement of children in work life. The multinomial logit model was used to test the relationships between the variables. The research used data from 1128 children in employment obtained from the Child Labor Force Research Micro Data Set carried out by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2019. According to the results of the research, it has been determined that the variables related to the education life (educational status of the child, family education status, apprenticeship education status) and the variables related to the business life (working sector, working time, income and family working status) affect the working reasons of children. As a result, in an environment of increasing cooperation and competition between countries with the effect of globalization, each country’s reflection of a common definition of child labor in its own national legislation is one of the most important steps to be taken in preventing child labor. In addition, in underdeveloped and developing countries, eliminating poverty, expanding school attendance conditions, and raising awareness about the existence of children’s rights as individuals will be important steps. It must be admitted that it will not be possible to end child labor in all its aspects without developing a society, and public and private sector management that acts with a sense of ethical responsibility.
Amaç –Finansal piyasa oynaklığı hem ekonomik performans hem de finansal istikrar göstergesi olarak önemli rol oynamaktadır. Alternatif GARCH tipi zaman serisi modelleri, bu amacın gerçekleştirilmesinde en çok tercih edilen yaklaşımlardan olmuşlardır. Finansal zaman serilerinde meydana gelen yapısal değişiklikleri modellemede de MS-GARCH yaklaşımı kullanımı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma vadeli tahıl emtia piyasalarında işlem gören dört ana tahıl emtia (buğday, yulaf, mısır ve soya fasulyesi) getirilerinin oynaklığı asimetrik MS-GARCH yapılarıyla modelleyerek ampirik literatüre katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.Yöntem–Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda, asimetrik MS-GARCH modelleri kullanılarak dört tahıl emtiası için oynaklık analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan veri setleri investing.com veri tabanından günlük olarak elde edilmiş olup, 2014-2022 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Araştırmanın analizlerinde RStudio 2022.07.2 programı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular –Çalışmada gerçekleştirilen asimetrik MS-GARCH modellerinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre, buğday, yulaf, mısır ve soya fasulyesi emtialarıda ısrarcı rejimyapılarının varlığı belirlenmiştir. Emtia getirilerinin düşük oynaklık dönemindeyken tekrar düşük oynaklık döneminde veya yüksek oynaklık dönemindeyken tekrar yüksek oynaklık döneminde kaldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ele alınan bütün emtiaların düşük oynaklık rejimindeyken meydana gelen negatif şokların, pozitif şoklara göre oynaklık üzerinde daha fazla etki ortaya çıkardığı tespit edilmiştir. Tahıl emtia getirilerinde kaldıraç etkisinin söz konusu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buğday getirilerinin %25, mısır getirilerinin %21, soya fasulyesi getirilerinin %1,2 ve yulaf getirilerinin %12 yüksek oynaklık döneminde kaldığı görülmüştür.Tartışma –Fiyat oynaklıklarının farklı rejim yapılarına göre analiz edilmesini sağlayan MS-GARCH tipi modellerin kullanılması yüksekbelirsizlik ortamında daha kesin öngörüler yapılmasını sağlayarak, meydana gelebilecek risklerin azaltılmasına sebep olacaktır.
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