Bismuth salts exert their activity within the upper gastrointestinal tract through action of luminal bismuth. Bismuth exerts direct bactericidal effect on Helicobacter pylori by different ways: forms complexes in the bacterial wall and periplasmic space, inhibits different enzymes, ATP synthesis, and adherence of the bacteria to the gastric mucosa. Bismuth also helps ulcer healing by acting as a barrier to the aggressive factors and increasing mucosal protective factors such as prostaglandin, epidermal growth factor, and bicarbonate secretion. To date, no resistance to bismuth has been reported. Also synergism between bismuth salts and antibiotics was present. It was shown that metronidazole and clarithromycin resistant H. pylori strains become susceptible if they are administered together with bismuth. Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy was recommended both by the Second Asia-Pacific Consensus Guidelines and by the Maastricht IV/Florence Consensus Report as an alternative first choice regimen to standard triple therapy, in areas with low clarithromycin resistance, and it is recommended as the first-line therapeutic option in areas with a high prevalence of clarithromycin resistance. Greater than 90% eradication success can be obtained by bismuth-containing quadruple therapy. Choosing bismuth as an indispensable part of first-line therapy is logical as both metronidazole and clarithromycin resistances can be overcome by adding bismuth to the regimen.

A 24-year-old man was referred to our clinic in August 2003 with complaints of weakness, dizziness, and bilateral knee pain of 3 years' duration. Bilateral digital clubbing had been found on routine physical examination during his military service 4 years earlier. There were no cardiorespiratory or abdominal symptoms. There was no compromise in the activities of everyday life. The patient was not a chronic smoker. In the family history of the patient, his brother had been diagnosed with pachydermoperiostosis in another center 2 years earlier, but did not return to the hospital for a follow-up investigation of myelofibrosis. On physical examination, the patient showed marked drumstick clubbing of the hands (Fig. 1), and a pale general appearance. The causes of digital clubbing are shown in Table 1 (Fawcett RS, Linford S, Stulberg DL. Nail abnormalities: clues to systemic disease. Am Fam Physician 2004; 69: 1417-1424). Deep nasolabial folds were seen on the face. Skin hypertrophy, cutis verticis gyrata, and seborrhea on the face were also observed. The patient also complained of hyperhidrosis. Examination of the cardiovascular system was normal. There was bilateral swelling of the ankle and knee (Fig. 2). Hepatosplenomegaly was found on abdominal examination. Investigations showed hypochromic microcytic anemia [hemoglobin, 8.58 g/dL (normal, 12.2-18.1 g/dL); hematocrit, 28.1% (normal, 37.7-53.7%); white blood cell count, 3430/mm(3) (normal, 4600-10,200/mm(3)); neutrophils, 2470/mm(3) (normal, 2000-6900/mm(3)); lymphocytes, 820/mm(3) (normal, 600-3400/mm(3)); platelets, 162,000/mm(3) (normal, 142,000-424,000 mm(3)); mean corpuscular volume, 73.7 fL (normal, 80-97 fL)]. Anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, microcytosis, and hypochromia were observed on peripheral blood examination, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 37 mm/h. The serum C-reactive protein level was 50.1 mg/L (normal, 0-5 mg/L). Biochemical parameters, including serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphates and liver function tests, were found to be within the normal range. The causes of secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with pulmonary, rheumatologic, endocrine, cardiac, and gastroenterologic disorders were excluded. Growth hormone level and thyroid function tests were normal. Antinuclear antibody, TORCH [Toxoplasma immunoglobulin M (IgM), rubella IgM, cytomegalovirus IgM, herpes simplex IgM] panel, and markers of hepatitis were negative. Serum Igs and rheumatoid factor were found to be within the normal range. There was subperiosteal new bone formation on bilateral knee X-ray (Fig. 3). Radiography of the chest, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas, and echocardiography were normal. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed hepatosplenomegaly. Amyloid deposition was not determined in rectal biopsy. Reticulin-type myelofibrosis was found on bone marrow biopsy (Figs 4 and 5). In the cytogenetic study, monosomy 22 was detected in four of 20 metaphase plates.

The aim of this study was to clinically and radiologically evaluate the technique of biceps femoris muscle transposition as a new extracapsular treatment technique for cranial cruciate ligament ruptures, which are often encountered in cats. In this study, eight cats diagnosed with cranial cruciate ligament rupture were treated with the biceps femoris muscle transposition technique. The postoperative standard clinical examination procedures were applied to each cat for 90 days. In the preoperative clinical and radiological examinations of the eight cats in the study, cranial cruciate ligament rupture alone was diagnosed in seven of them. Both, the cranial cruciate ligament rupture and meniscal lesions in the same stifle joint were determined in one cat. The biceps femoris muscle transposition technique operation took approximately 20 mins in each case. The postoperative radiographs were taken on days 10, 30, 60 and 90. No complications were seen in any case during the postoperative follow-up. The Illinois University Evaluation Scale was used for a more objective evaluation. At 90 days postoperatively, there was no lameness in seven out of eight cats, and mild limping was determined in one of them due to concomitant meniscal lesion. According to the study results, the biceps femoris muscle transposition technique was found to be extremely useful as an easily applicable technique in the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in cats.

Özet: Bu çalışmada; 2016-2017 yıllarında Sivas ve yöresinde sığırlarda görülen ayak hastalıkları prevalansının belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Çalışmanın materyalini Sivas ili ve merkeze bağlı köylerde bulunan değişik yaş, ırk ve cinsiyette toplam 1852 baş sığır oluşturdu. İncelenen olgularda 570 hayvanda sadece tırnak deformitesi, 74 vakada ayak hastalığı görülürken 74 olguda da tırnak deformitesi ile birlikte ayak hastalığı saptandı. Çalışmada tırnaklardaki deformasyonların dağılımı 154 olguda küt tırnak, 112 olguda sivri tırnak, 102 olguda tirbuşon tırnak, 108 olguda makas tırnak, 94 olguda yayvan-geniş-dolgun tırnak, 62 olguda ayrık tırnak ve 12 olguda ise gaga tırnak deformasyonu tespit edildi. Bu çalışmada ayak hastalığı belirlenen 148 adet sığırda toplam 170 adet lezyon belirlendi. Bu lezyonların 32 adedi ökçe çürüğü, 30 adedi tırnak çatlağı, 26 adedi taban ülseri, 18 adedi beyaz çizgi hastalığı, 12 adedi digital dermatit, 10 adedi interdigital dermatit, 10 adedi interdigital hyperplasia (limax), 10 adedi tırnak yarası, 6 adedi pododermatitis aseptica diffusa, 4 adedi pododermatitis aseptica circumscripta, 6 adedi yabancı cisim batması, 2 adedi ökçe apsesi, 2 adedi interdigital flegmon, 2 adedi corium ungulae de canlı doku üremesi oluşturdu. Sonuç olarak Sivas ve yöresinde sığırlarda ayak hastalıklarının yıllık prevalansı %38.77 olarak tespit edildi.Abstract: In this study; It was aimed to determine the prevalence of foot diseases seen in cattle in Sivas and its region in 2016-2017 years. The material of the study was 1852 head cattle in different age, race and gender in the villages of Sivas province and center. There were only digital deformities in 570 claws and only foot diseases in 74 claws. However, foot diseases with digital deformities were seen in 74 cattle. In this study, classification of the deformed claws as follows: Blunt claw in 154, Overgrown claw in 112, corkscrew claw in 102, scissor claw in 108, splay claw in 94, discrete claw in 62, beak claw in 12. In this study, a total of 170 lesions were identified in 148 cattle with foot disease. These lesions can be detailed as; bruised sole in 32, fissure ungulae in 30, rusterholz ulcer in 26, white line diseases in 18, digitalis dermatitis in 12, interdigital dermatitis in 10, interdigital hyperplasia (limax) in 10, ungulae wound in 10, pododermatitis aseptica diffusa in 6, pododermatitis aseptica circumscripta in 4, foreign body invasion in 6, heel abscess in 2, interdigital flegmon in 2, living tissue growth in corium ungulae in 2. As a result, prevalence of foot diseases in cattle in and around Sivas were determined as 38.77%

Background: A regular and balanced feeding is essential for the animals in order to maintain their normal physiological function and be productive at the desired level. Digestion activities start with chewing in the mouth and the healthy dental arch is needed to perform a complete chewing function. Abnormal dental development and other dental pathologies impair digestive functions by negatively affecting chewing functions. The aim of the present study was to classified dental anomalies, dental degenerations, dental and gingival lesions seen in dairy cows and was aimed to reveal these lesions and depending on these disorders the reasons for slaughtering in dairy cows.Materials, Methods & Results: The material of this study consists of 600 dairy cows, being slaughtered for a year, and 170 dairy cows, detected dental anomalies, dental degenerations and dental-gingival lesions in the postmortem examination. Detailed macroscopic and radiological examinations of mandibles and maxillae of the dairy cows with dental and gingival lesions in postmortem examination were performed. The detailed information of the cases, such as: age, race, breeding, living region and slaughtering causes, etc. of dairy cows, suffering from dental lesions was recorded from slaughterhouse data access. In this study, 87 cases (51.18%) of the determined dental lesions were defined as dental degeneration, 34 cases (20%) as caries, 30 cases (17.64%) as dental abnormalities in the formation and dental arch and 19 cases (11.18%) as periodontal inflammation.Discussion: In dairy cow breeding, there is a close relationship between production costs and business profitability and animal disease and fertility problems. Although the existence of negative effects of dental lesions directly on the digestive functions is known in dairy cattle breeding; there was no study about the state of dental diseases in dairy cow. In this respect, this research is quite important both for revealing the proportion of dental diseases seen in dairy cow and for drawing attention to the relationship between these diseases and the reasons for slaughtering of dairy cow. In this study, various dental anomalies, dental degenerations, dental and gingival lesions (28.33%) were detected in 170 dairy cows; The decreased milk production in 38 cases (22.35%), infertility in 65 cases (38.24%), gastrointestinal system diseases such as abomasal dislocation, constipation and indigestion in 38 cases (22.35%), foot diseases in 19 cases (11.18%) and economic reasons in 10 cases (5.88%) were determined as slaughtering reasons of the cases. The results of this research indicate that dental and gingival lesions may be regarded as preliminary results in the development of digestive system diseases, and then the various detailed clinical studies are needed to determine whether there is a relationship between digestive system diseases and dental diseases. As a result; this study first classified the dental lesions determined after slaughter in cattle and revealed the relationship between the reasons for slaughtering of dairy cows of the determined dental lesions. The results obtained in this study showed that dental anomalies, caries and periodontal inflammation effect significantly on the dairy cow fertility.